Using 222 nm far-UVC light in occupied rooms can significantly reduce airborne viruses, achieving a 99.8% reduction in infectious murine norovirus, suggesting it may be an effective method for controlling airborne disease transmission.

- 222 nm far-UVC light significantly reduces airborne viruses in occupied spaces. - This light can be a safe method for disinfecting indoor air without harming humans. - The research supports the use of far-UVC light as a potential tool in controlling viral transmission.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2024 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57441-z

A Cochrane systematic review found that using a tongue scraper is more effective than using a toothbrush in reducing bad breath caused by volatile sulfur compounds in adults.

- Tongue scrapers or cleaners are more effective than toothbrushes in reducing halitosis in adults. - The difference in reduction of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) is small but statistically significant. - The review included two trials involving a total of 40 participants.

This is from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2006 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17004573/.

This article discusses the importance of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and offers recommendations on how to improve their design to prevent the spread of the virus.

- HVAC systems can play a role in reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. - Indoor air quality monitoring systems can be used to detect and mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. - Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation can be used to disinfect air. - Air filtration systems can be used to remove SARS-CoV-2 particles from the air. - Centralized air conditioning systems may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. - Improved air quality due to COVID-19 lockdowns may have positive health effects. - Proper ventilation and air flow can help reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. - Building operators should follow guidance from organizations like ASHRAE to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

This is from Process Saf Environ Prot. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8450051/.

The document discusses a new nasal spray designed to capture and neutralize pathogens, potentially offering a drug-free method to prevent respiratory infections effectively.

- PCANS is a drug-free nasal spray that captures and neutralizes respiratory pathogens. - It forms a protective hydrogel layer in the nasal cavity to prevent pathogen entry. - The spray enhances pathogen capture from inhaled air and neutralizes them using biopolymers and surfactants. - PCANS has been shown to reduce respiratory infections in mice when used prophylactically. - It is shelf-stable and exhibits broad-spectrum efficacy against various viruses and bacteria.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560602v1

The research presents a new nasal spray, called Pathogen Capture and Neutralizing Spray (PCANS), which could effectively prevent respiratory infections by capturing and neutralizing pathogens in the nasal cavity without using drugs.

This is from Biorxiv in 2023 at https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.02.560602

Nasal irrigation with a hypertonic seawater solution containing algal and herbal natural ingredients was found to significantly reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal cavity, potentially reducing transmission and severity of COVID-19.

- Hypertonic seawater nasal irrigation solution with algal and herbal natural ingredients reduces viral load and SARS-CoV-2 detection time in the nasal cavity. - Nasal saline irrigation with triamcinolone acetonide is effective in treating COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction. - Hypertonic seawater nasal irrigation solution containing algal and herbal natural ingredients is safe and effective in patients with COVID-19. - Nasal spray of seawater plus additives can lead to early negativization of SARS-CoV-2 infection. - Nasal irrigation is effective in reducing severity in high-risk COVID+ outpatients. - Nasal irrigation and oral rinse with sodium bicarbonate solution can help with virus clearance in COVID-19 patients. - Povidone iodine has a virucidal effect on SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx. - Hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation has positive effects on COVID-19. - Nasal saline irrigation can reduce false-positive results of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in oropharyngeal swabs. - False coronavirus disease 2019 cases can occur due to contamination by inactivated virus vaccine. - Diagnostic laboratories face challenges in reconverting to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

This is from J Pers Med in 2023. Link

A new technique has revealed the complex community of bacteria living on human tongues, which could help scientists better understand oral and overall health.

- The human tongue has a tightly layered microbial community called a biofilm. - A new technique was used to visualize fluorescently labeled bacteria in intact biofilms scraped from the tongues of 21 healthy human volunteers. - Three bacterial types, Actinomyces, Rothia, and Streptococcus, were present in all 21 participants in the study and are thought to help maintain oral and overall health. - Learning who is next to who will help scientists understand how these communities work and could help identify microbial targets for treating diseases and maintaining health in the mouth and beyond.

This is from Cell Reports in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32209464.

A new nasal irrigation device with an extended nozzle and continuous water stream directly upwards to the anterior part of the olfactory cleft demonstrated superior nasal irrigation efficiency to the classic squeeze bottle in a study using 3D-printed transparent casts of the unoperated sinonasal cavity filled with simulated mucous and irrigated with dyed water.

- A novel irrigation device was compared to a classic rinse bottle and found to have superior irrigation efficiency. - The novel device has a continuous water stream directed upwards to the anterior part of the olfactory cleft and a long nozzle overcoming the flow-limiting effect of the nasal valve. - The study put forward a series of critical structural and dynamical features for optimizing nasal irrigation devices. - The irrigation efficiency of the novel device under different head positions ranged from 80.1% to 89.8%, with an average irrigation efficiency of 83.6%. - The irrigation efficiency of the rinse bottle ranged from 66.3% to 75.4% with an average irrigation efficiency of 69.1%.

This is from Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery in 2023 at https://journalotohns.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40463-022-00575-9.

A randomized controlled trial found that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling reduced the duration of illness, over-the-counter medication use, and transmission within households for adults with upper respiratory tract infections, with most participants finding the intervention acceptable and effective. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

- Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms of the common cold. - The study found that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling reduced viral shedding in patients with the common cold. - The study did not include a placebo arm due to the hypothesis that chloride ion mediated antiviral effect. - The study found that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling is safe and well-tolerated.

This is from Journal of Scientific Reports in 2018 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37703-3.

The use of a specific strain of Streptococcus salivarius, known as K12, may potentially improve oral and lung microbiotas and enhance defenses against SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12, a strain of bacteria, has been clinically demonstrated to create a stable upper respiratory tract microbiota that can protect against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. - Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been shown to reduce the occurrence of viral upper respiratory tract infections, such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media. - The strain K12 can stimulate the release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and activate natural killer cells without triggering aggressive inflammatory responses. - The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the lungs of COVID-19 patients could increase the risk of secondary infection. - Streptococcus salivarius K12 may be considered as an adjunct to help control viral lung infections, associated pneumonias, and improve host immune functions.

This is from Minerva Med 2020 at https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-medica/article.php?cod=R10Y2020N03A0281.

This article reviews the therapeutic effects of the ancient yogic practice of neti kriya, specifically jala neti, in treating upper respiratory tract diseases such as sinusitis, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis and highlights the need for further research to substantiate its efficacy.

- Neti kriya, specifically jala neti, has therapeutic effects in managing upper respiratory tract diseases. - Saline nasal irrigation greatly reduces chronic sinonasal diseases and improves quality of life in children. - Neti can be administered in pratisyaya and mainly in kaphaja pratisyaya as there is predominance of kapha. - Neti can play a key role in treating allergies associated with upper respiratory tract conditions. - Neti can be applied in snoring and can be safely practiced with ease. - Long-term nasal irrigation improved the quality of life of patients affected with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. - Jala neti yields a significant improvement in myopia. - Jala neti can improve the intellectual potential of mentally retarded children. - Daily nasal irrigation with a hypertonic saline solution reduces the severity of symptoms in sinusitis, the occurrence of acute exacerbations and the need for antibiotic therapy.

This is from Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine in 2017 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0975947617306216#bib30.

The use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as a cleaning and disinfecting solution in GI ambulatory surgery center (ASC) rooms has been found to be more effective in reducing ATP scores compared to standard cleaning methods, potentially leading to safer and more efficient procedures.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a nontoxic disinfecting solution that is more effective than bleach in surface disinfection of bacteria. - HOCl cleaning and disinfection in GI ambulatory surgery center (ASC) rooms is more effective than standard procedures in lowering ATP scores. - Misting the rooms with HOCl further improves the cleaning and disinfecting results.

This is from National Center for Biotechnology Information in 2024 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6255518/

The study found that using a 1% ephedrine hydrochloride nasal douche was a simple and effective method for treating vertigo patients, with a high percentage of patients experiencing relief from dizziness.

- A controlled clinical trial using 1% ephedrine hydrochloride nasal douche was conducted on 84 vertigo patients. - 74.3% of the patients experienced complete or partial relief from dizziness. - The therapy was well accepted by patients and had minimal side effects. - The intranasal route of drug administration has been used in various medical practices. - Ephedrine hydrochloride nasal douche has been successful in treating vertigo in previous studies. - The study concluded that the treatment is simple, effective, inexpensive, and free of significant side effects.

This is from Auris' Nasus' Larynx in 1989.

A new solution containing hypochlorous acid has shown potential as a treatment to reduce viral load in the upper respiratory tract and is non-irritant for nasal and oral mucosa, and further clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

- A sprayable solution containing hypochlorous acid (AOS2020) can efficiently and safely inactivate SARS-CoV-2. - This solution has the potential to be used as an adjunctive therapy for non-severe COVID-19 and as a disinfectant for upper respiratory tract hygiene. - Hypochlorous acid has been shown to be effective against other viruses and bacteria. - Nasal irrigation and gargling with hypertonic saline or carrageenan nasal spray have also been studied as potential treatments for respiratory infections.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-021-06644-5.

This document is a patent for a stable composition of HOCl, and includes information on its production and uses.

- A composition of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and its uses are described in this patent. - The composition can be used for medical and veterinary purposes, as well as for sterilizing materials and objects. - The patent also describes methods for producing the composition. - The composition is stable and can be used to treat biofilms and wounds. - The patent also mentions the use of the composition in preventing microbial growth and treating skin trauma.

This is from CN103501605B in 2015 at https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103501605B/en?q=(stabilizing+HOCl)&oq=stabilizing+HOCl

The traditional concept of the "biological individual" has been challenged by recent research, which shows that animals and plants interact closely with symbiotic microorganisms that blur the boundaries between organisms, and this new perspective could change our understanding of biology, medicine, and conservation.

- Homosexuality has substantial heritability in both sexes, yet concordance between identical twins is low and molecular studies have failed to find associated DNA markers. - Reduced androgen sensitivity in XX fetuses and enhanced sensitivity in XY fetuses is most feasibly caused by numerous sex-specific epigenetic modifications (“epi-marks”) originating in embryonic stem cells. - Homosexuality occurs when stronger-than-average SA-epi-marks (influencing sexual preference) from an opposite-sex parent escape erasure and are then paired with a weaker-than-average de novo sex-specific epi-marks produced in opposite-sex offspring. - The molecular feature underlying most homosexuality is not DNA polymorphism(s), but epi-marks that evolved to canalize sexual dimorphic development that sometimes carryover across generations and contribute to gonad-trait discordances in opposite-sex descendants.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668166.

A synbiotic preparation called SIM01 showed promise in alleviating symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in Hong Kong, suggesting the potential of gut microbiome modulation in managing PACS.

- A synbiotic preparation (SIM01) was tested in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) in Hong Kong. - The trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SIM01 in alleviating PACS symptoms. - The study found that SIM01 did not significantly improve PACS symptoms compared to the placebo. - Independent predictors of PACS symptom alleviation were identified through multivariate analysis. - The study also reported on adverse events, study compliance, vaccination, and re-infection during the study period. - The trial profile and the proportion of PACS symptoms alleviation by 6 months are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively. - Baseline characteristics and the results of the multivariate analysis are presented in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. - Adverse events, study compliance, vaccination, and re-infection data are summarized in Table 3.

This is from The Lancet in 2024 at https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00685-0/fulltext.

A synbiotic preparation (SIM01) showed promising results in alleviating multiple symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in Hong Kong, suggesting the potential of gut microbiome modulation as a management approach for PACS.

- A synbiotic preparation (SIM01) was tested in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in Hong Kong. - The trial investigated the efficacy of SIM01 in alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. - The study found that SIM01 was safe and well-tolerated, and it significantly improved the symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome compared to the placebo. - SIM01 showed benefits in reducing fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive impairment in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. - The findings suggest that synbiotic preparations like SIM01 could be a potential treatment option for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.

This is from The Lancet Infectious Diseases in 2023 at URL.

A study has identified two distinct blood biomarker profiles that predict cognitive deficits 6 and 12 months after COVID-19 hospitalization; the first profile linked elevated fibrinogen with both objective and subjective cognitive deficits, while the second profile linked elevated D-dimer with subjective cognitive deficits and occupational impact.

- Acute COVID-19 patients are at risk of cognitive deficits 6 and 12 months after hospitalization. - Blood biomarkers, including CRP, ferritin, and D-dimer, can predict cognitive outcomes. - Patients with higher levels of these biomarkers are at greater risk of cognitive deficits. - The study was funded by multiple organizations, including MQ Mental Health Research and the National Institute of Health Research. - The authors declare no competing interests.

This is from Nature in 2023 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02525-y.

Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increased abundance of bacterial pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the nose, which can lead to secondary bacterial infections.

- Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increased abundance of bacterial pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the nose. - The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development. - The loss of topography in the microbial communities of the upper respiratory tract in the elderly. - The unrecognized threat of secondary bacterial infections with COVID-19. - The aim of my research is to build interfaces and knowledge tools that expand the domain of thoughts we can think and qualia we can feel.

This is from Cell Rep. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8361213/.

Air cleaners and HVAC filters can help reduce airborne contaminants, including viruses, but are not a substitute for other practices like social distancing and mask wearing; it's important to choose an air cleaner that is effective in filtering out small airborne particles and to avoid air cleaners that intentionally generate ozone or that do not meet state regulations or industry standards for ozone generation, and while DIY air cleaners can be effective, they should be constructed carefully and used only when other air filtration options are not available.

- Portable air cleaners and HVAC filters can help reduce airborne contaminants, including viruses. - Air cleaning or filtration alone is not enough to protect people from COVID-19. - When used along with other best practices, filtration can be part of a plan to reduce the potential for airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors. - To select an air cleaner that effectively filters viruses from the air, choose a unit that is the right size for the space, has a high CADR for smoke, is designated a HEPA unit, or specifically indicates that it filters particles in the 0.1-1 um size range. - Do not use air cleaners that intentionally generate ozone in occupied spaces or that do not meet state regulations or industry standards for ozone generation. - DIY air cleaners can be of comparable effectiveness to commercial air cleaners in reducing airborne particles, but their performance does vary based on the design selected and the quality of materials and assembly. - EPA does not recommend the routine use of DIY air cleaners as a permanent alternative to products of known performance.

This is from EPA in 2023 at https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/air-cleaners-hvac-filters-and-coronavirus-covid-19

Air filtration using high-efficiency particle arrestance (HEPA) filters is an effective intervention in managing the spread of COVID-19 by removing aerosol particles containing SARS-CoV-2 virions from the air, but it is important to understand the principles of air filtration and the interactions between aerosol particles and filter materials to determine the best practices for its use.

- Stationary and portable HEPA filtration systems are recommended for use in healthcare settings by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization. - National and international standards govern the minimum filtration efficiency characteristics of HEPA filters. - Antiviral properties can be imparted to the filter materials, but once aerosol particles are collected on the filter fibers, virtually none detach and pass through the filter during or after proper use. - Breathing polluted air is strongly associated with adverse effects on respiratory and cardiovascular function. - Interventions based on air filtration using adequate equipment should be widely implemented both to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 via the aerosol phase and to improve the health status and outcomes for people exposed to and infected with COVID-19.

This is from Epih in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7644931/#.

This evidence review finds that wearing masks reduces the transmission of COVID-19 by reducing the spread of infected respiratory particles, and recommends the adoption of public cloth mask wearing as an effective form of source control in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies.

- Wearing masks reduces transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. - Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. - Cloth masks can be an effective form of source control in reducing disease spread. - Mask wearing by infectious people ("source control") can have benefits at the population level. - Public officials and governments should strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public.

This is from Emerging Infectious Diseases in 2020 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33431650/.

This medical study investigated the antibacterial effect of hypochlorous acid solution on nasal discharge from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and found that the solution did not exert an antibacterial effect within 5 minutes, suggesting that a longer duration may be needed for any antibacterial activity to manifest.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution did not exert an antibacterial effect on nasal secretion from CRS patients within 5 minutes. - Alcohol showed good antibacterial activity. - Irrigation of the nose with an antibacterial fluid such as HOCl or PVPI for a longer period may be needed to observe any antibacterial activity.

This is from International Journal of Otolaryngology in 2018 at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijoto/2018/8568694/.

The study evaluated the effectiveness of a pH-neutral electrolyzed super-oxidized solution (ESS) combined with dental scaling in treating periodontitis patients, showing that it significantly reduced plaque index, gingival index, and probing depth compared to the control group.

This is from Heliyon in 2022 Dec. Link

Filtered far-UVC light (222 nm) has been shown to effectively kill various harmful pathogens, making it a promising disinfection method for use in healthcare settings without harming human skin or eyes.

This is from Biomed Res Int in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630020/.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has antimicrobial properties and is being researched for its potential use in infection prevention and control, including applications in COVID-19, due to its ability to deactivate pathogens and its compatibility with the body's immune system.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has antimicrobial efficacy and can be used for prevention or therapeutic support of infections. - HOCl is effective against airborne viruses and can inactivate them. - HOCl is recommended for cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in the context of COVID-19. - HOCl is listed as a disinfectant for coronavirus (COVID-19) by regulatory agencies such as the EPA, Health Canada, and the Australian Government. - HOCl has been approved as an active substance for biocidal products. - HOCl can be used for disinfection of food contact surfaces. - HOCl can be used for air purification and removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). - The production of hydroxyl radicals (OH) by HOCl can contribute to the decomposition of organic compounds and the inactivation of bioaerosols.

This is from GMS Hyg Infect Control in 2023 at this link.

This article explores the potential benefits and harms of using antimicrobial mouthwashes and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers and improve outcomes for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infections, but currently there is no evidence available to draw any conclusions.

- Several clinical trials are investigating the use of mouthwashes and nasal sprays to improve outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and to protect healthcare workers treating them. - The trials are testing various solutions, including saline, povidone iodine, and chlorhexidine. - The primary outcomes being measured include viral load, oxygen requirement, and oxygen saturation. - Some trials are also assessing symptom severity and time to clinical recovery. - The trials have varying sample sizes and inclusion/exclusion criteria.

This is from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8187985/.

This study found that the presence of chloride ions in non-myeloid cells increases the production of hypochlorous acid, which inhibits viral replication, suggesting that chloride ions may be a potential therapeutic target for antiviral therapies.

- Chloride ions can augment the antiviral innate immune response in non-myeloid cells by increasing intracellular hypochlorous acid levels. - There are specific methods for detecting hypochlorous acid for imaging of microbe-induced HOCl production. - Reactive oxygen species are required for antiviral response, and DUOX plays a role in influenza A virus infection. - Cutaneous Na+ storage strengthens the antimicrobial barrier function of the skin and boosts macrophage-driven host defense.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2018 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6134045/.

This patent describes a method for inactivating highly resistant infectious agents using aqueous solutions or gels containing hypohalous acids, which can be used in the treatment, prevention, and interruption of transmission of contagious diseases.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can eliminate prion-seeding activity for various prions, causing reductions of > 103 to 106 fold in 5 minutes to 60 minutes of exposure. - BriotechHOCl鈩� was just as effective as concentrated (20%) hypochlorite bleach in inactivating HPV16. - BriotechHOCl鈩� was effective in inactivating a highly resistant non-enveloped virus (MS2) to high levels in short contact times. - BriotechHOCl鈩� was effective in treating a vaginal yeast infection and a chronic nasal mucosal infection.

This is from Patent EP3773616A2 in 2021 at https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3773616A2/en?assignee=briotech&oq=briotech.

Periodontitis, a common oral infection caused by gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, is thought to be linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the shared inflammatory features and proinflammatory cytokines present in both diseases, and studies suggest that periodontitis could be a risk factor for developing AD.

- There is an association between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease. - Oral bacteria such as Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis have been found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. - Inflammation caused by periodontitis may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease. - Anti-inflammatory drugs may help reduce inflammation and beta-amyloid levels in Alzheimer's patients.

This is from journal "Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience" in 2015 at URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488989/.

Higher ventilation rates and lower indoor PM2.5 concentrations in elementary school classrooms are associated with reduced illness-related absences, highlighting the importance of indoor environmental quality for student health and attendance.

- Higher classroom ventilation rates significantly reduced illness-related absences. - Higher concentrations of indoor long-term monitored PM2.5 were significantly associated with increased illness-related absences. - Although mechanically ventilated classrooms had relatively low indoor PM2.5, more rigorous control of indoor particles was still beneficial. - Reduced absence rates are expected to provide socioeconomic benefits and benefits for academic achievements. - Higher ventilation rates and reduced particle levels will contribute to reduced health risks, including those related to airborne respiratory pathogens.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2023 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412023002179

The key takeaway from this article is that choosing the appropriate surface disinfectant is crucial for preventing the spread of infectious microorganisms and maintaining a safe environment.

- Polyacrylamide brush coatings can prevent microbial adhesion to silicone rubber. - Polymeric thin films can resist the adsorption of proteins and the adhesion of bacteria. - Chitosan coating can serve as an antibacterial surface for biomedical applications. - Antimicrobial peptides and enzymes show promise in functionalizing biomaterial surfaces. - Polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds are versatile antimicrobial materials. - Efflux pumps may not be the major drivers of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. - Triclosan at environmentally relevant concentrations can promote the horizontal transfer of multidrug resistance genes within and across bacterial genera. - Antibiotic and disinfectant resistance can be found in tap water strains and environmental bacteria. - Sink drain microcosms exposed to triclosan can experience population dynamics and changes in antimicrobial susceptibility. - Resistance to antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes can be found in water environments.

This is from Antibiotics (Basel) in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8224088/

This study found that daily nasal saline irrigation can improve bronchial hyperresponsiveness and clinical parameters in children with both asthma and allergic rhinitis.

- Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) improves bronchial hyperresponsiveness and clinical parameters in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). - NSI is beneficial for treatment of asthma and AR in children.

This is from Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31012599/

This article discusses the potential benefits and risks of using nasal saline irrigations to reduce the severity and transmission of viral upper respiratory infections, such as COVID-19, and suggests that they are likely safe to use in the presence of COVID-19, but proper hygiene and decontamination practices must be followed to prevent subsequent infections.

- Nasal saline irrigations may play a role in reducing viral severity and further transmission. - Topical nasal rinses physically disrupt the viscous surface layer, removing the mucus and its associated particulate matter. - Hypertonic nasal saline, which facilitates mucociliary clearance, likely decreases viral burden through physical removal. - Saline irrigations with or without indicated additives may be safe to use in the presence of COVID-19. - Patients should practice good hand hygiene and decontaminate the surrounding surfaces (eg, sink, counters) and plastic rinse bottle to prevent subsequent infection.

This is from JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery in 2020 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2768627.

Nasal irrigation can be an effective and inexpensive intervention for managing rhinosinus and related asthma symptoms in severe asthma patients with few side effects.

- Nasal irrigation is an effective and inexpensive intervention for managing rhinosinus and related asthma symptoms. - After three months of nasal irrigation, 88% of patients reported improved nasal symptoms, and 62% reported improved chest symptoms. - There were statistically significant improvements in mean snott 22 and ACQ scores. - Nasal irrigation has few side effects and should be advocated in severe asthma clinics.

This is from Thorax in 2023 at https://thorax.bmj.com/content/71/Suppl_3/A151.3

Hypochlorous acid is a natural part of the human body's immune system and can be used to effectively treat a variety of skin conditions, including acne, eczema, and dermatitis, without harming the skin's protective microbiome.

- Hypochlorous acid is a naturally occurring compound produced by our white blood cells and is an essential part of our innate immune system. - It is effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi and is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin. - It can help reduce blemishes, treat acne, soothe eczema, reverse markers of epidermal ageing, protect against environmental toxins, reduce the formation of future scarring, fight bacteria, and cleanse the skin. - It aids in treating and preventing dermatitis ('maskne') caused by the continuous wearing of masks. - When manufactured correctly, it can be delivered to all layers of the skin, ensuring maximum benefits. - It is highly anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-fungal and is an excellent anti-inflammatory with immune-modulatory effects. - It can treat chronic or inflammatory skin conditions like acne, psoriasis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. - It can prepare the skin before a treatment and boost the skin's ability to repair itself after aesthetic and dermatologic procedures. - It soothes and supports the skin's natural defenses against irritation, inflammation, and post-procedural sensitivities while targeting signs of aging and inflammation of the skin.

This is from Thoclor Labs in 2023 at https://thoclor.com/benefits-hocl/?v=e4dd286dc7d7.

Blood clots triggered by COVID-19 infection may contribute to long-term cognitive issues, called "brain fog," and existing blood tests could help predict, diagnose and possibly treat long COVID, according to a new study published in Nature Medicine.

- Blood clots triggered by COVID infection could cause cognitive problems known as "brain fog." - Testing for elevated levels of blood clotting proteins D-dimer and fibrinogen could help predict, diagnose, and possibly treat long COVID. - Up to 15% of people who contract COVID develop long COVID symptoms that can last for months or years. - Long COVID symptoms are difficult to treat and diagnose due to the mishmash of reported symptoms. - The exact relationship between COVID and fibrinogen is still unknown, and more research is needed.

This is from Scientific American in 2023 at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blood-clotting-proteins-might-help-predict-long-covid-brain-fog/.

This study presents a new and convenient method for synthesizing N-Chlorotaurine, highlighting its stability and effectiveness as an antimicrobial agent.

This is from Journal in 2025 at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2024/8959915

A standard air filter was able to remove most airborne virus particles, including coronavirus, in tests carried out at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, according to a team of doctors and scientists.

- A standard air filter can remove most airborne virus particles such as coronavirus on an intensive care ward. - Covid-19 can be spread by particles in the air. - Tests were carried out at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge to measure the effect of air filtration. - Researchers at the University of Cambridge helped devise a way of reliably sampling the air to keep air in public buildings clean and virus-free. - The results of the tests were surprising to the doctors and scientists involved.

This is from BBC in 2023 at https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-cambridgeshire-59490424.

A study found that hypochlorous acid nasal spray was as effective as saline nasal irrigation in treating chronic rhinosinusitis patients who had undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery, and could be a convenient alternative in post-surgery care.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal spray is as effective as saline nasal irrigation in treating chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in patients who have undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). - HOCl nasal spray is convenient to use and can be an alternative to saline nasal irrigation in post-FESS care. - The study found a significant reduction in endoscopic score after 2 months of HOCl nasal spray. - The study found a significant reduction in TWSNOT-22 score after normal saline (NS) nasal irrigation.

This is from Am J Otolaryngol in 2022 at https://ciplamed-library.com/content/can-hypochlorous-acid-nasal-spray-be-an-alternative-to-saline-nasal-irrigation-in-crs.

A recent study suggests that applying Neosporin inside the nose may stimulate an immune response that helps repel respiratory viruses, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety.

- Neosporin may trigger an immune response in the nose that helps repel respiratory viruses. - Study suggests it could provide extra protection against illnesses like COVID-19 and the flu. - More research is needed to confirm effectiveness and safety for human use. - Concerns include potential antibiotic resistance and proper application methods. - Neomycin in Neosporin may provoke natural antiviral effects rather than directly attacking viruses. - Future studies could explore higher doses and real-life applications for better data.

This is from Time in 2024 at https://time.com/6971392/neosporin-covid-19-antiviral-study/

The study suggests that oral bacteriotherapy, as a complementary therapeutic strategy, may help prevent the progression of COVID-19 by improving symptoms and reducing the risk of respiratory failure in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

- Oral bacteriotherapy may be a complementary therapeutic strategy to prevent the progression of COVID-19. - The gut-lung axis and the gut microbiota play a role in lung immunity and respiratory diseases. - Short-chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota can ameliorate allergic lung inflammation. - Heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme with cytoprotective properties, has been shown to suppress the replication of respiratory viruses. - Probiotics and nutraceuticals have been studied as potential interventions for SARS-CoV-2 infection. - The use of probiotics is a topic of regulatory confusion and conflicting studies, with safety concerns.

This is from Frontiers in Medicine in 2020 at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00389/full.

This article characterizes the performance of a do-it-yourself box fan air filter as a lower-cost alternative to standalone air filtration systems and demonstrates its effectiveness in reducing suspended particle concentrations in indoor environments.

- DIY box fan air filters can effectively reduce indoor air pollution. - HEPA filters are more effective than MERV 13/14 filters. - Portable air cleaners can eliminate airborne SARS-CoV-2. - Indoor air pollution can be reduced with air filtration units. - Filtration of airborne microorganisms can be modeled and predicted.

This is from Aerosol Science and Technology in 2022 at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02786826.2022.2054674.

Proper ventilation, air filtration, germicidal ultraviolet lights and air quality monitoring are recommended for public spaces to prevent COVID-19 infections from spreading through inhaling fine aerosol particles that can hang in the air for hours, with little data favoring droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces as the primary way the virus is spread.

- Indoor air ought to be regulated for infection control, much like food and water are, air experts propose in the May 14 Science. - Cleansing the air is mostly a matter of proper ventilation and filtration. - Increasing ventilation in one room may carry infectious viruses into connected rooms through HVAC vents. - Experts recommend filtering air through materials that can trap airborne particles containing the virus. - Germicidal ultraviolet light may zap the virus and kill it in the air. - Not all UV lights are created equal, though.

This is from Science News in 2023 at https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-covid-air-spread-indoor-clean-ventilation-filtration.

This document is a patent for a cleaning solution and its manufacturing method that uses electrolysis and contains chlorine, hypochlorous acid, and sodium hypochlorite.

- A cleaning solution of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions can be produced by electrolyzing an electrolyte solution for 70 minutes or longer using a diaphragm-free electrolysis process. - The cleaning solution is stable and exhibits high sterilizing and wash-out activity during use. - The cleaning solution can be used to exfoliate biofilm caused by bacteria and inhibit further proliferation of bacteria. - The cleaning solution can be used to improve the oral cavity environment of periodontal disease patients. - The effective residual chlorine concentration of the cleaning solution should be adjusted to a value from 500 ppm to 2000 ppm and the hydrogen ion concentration exponent should be adjusted to a value from pH 8.5 to pH 9.5. - The cleaning solution is produced by dissolving a small amount (from 0.1% to 2%) of sodium chloride (NaCl) as the electrolyte in ultrapure water having a purity of at least 99% to produce electrolyzed water. - The ultrapure water for use in this embodiment has an electrical resistivity of 15 MΩ⋅cm or more at a water temperature of 25° C., and a total organic carbon (TOC) of less than 0.05 mg/L. - The cleaning solution is produced using titanium platinum electrodes and a voltage during electrolysis in a range of from 1 V to 3 V, preferably 2.5 V. - The cleaning solution should desirably be adjusted to a pH from 3 to 7, in which the existing ratio of hypochlorous acid is high.

This is from US patent US10194665B2 in 2019 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US10194665B2/en

This book is a guide on how to care for your personal air filter and its importance for good health and well-being.

This is from archive.org in 2023 at https://archive.org/details/clearingaironeno0000solo.

The preliminary study investigated the potential role of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in improving the clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, showing promising results in reducing the severity of the disease and potentially lowering the death rate.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12 has shown potential clinical effects in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. - It has been found to reduce the incidence of pharyngo-tonsillitis and acute otitis media in children. - Streptococcus salivarius K12 may help prevent streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis, scarlet fever, and acute otitis media in 3-year-old children. - The oral use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 has shown promising results in reducing the occurrence of streptococcal and viral pharyngotonsillitis in children and adults. - Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been found to inhibit Candida albicans aggregation, biofilm formation, and dimorphism. - It has also demonstrated the ability to inhibit immune activation by periodontal disease pathogens. - Streptococcus salivarius K12 is being studied for its potential to reduce periodontal pathogen-induced inflammation. - Human systemic immune response to the ingestion of Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12 has been observed.

This is from Microorganisms in 2022. You can find the article here.

A clinical trial found that using nitric oxide nasal spray can significantly reduce the viral load in patients with mild COVID-19, potentially leading to faster recovery and less infectiousness.

- Nitric oxide nasal spray (NONS) is effective and safe for reducing viral load in mild COVID-19. - Patients using NONS showed a significant decrease in SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels compared to placebo. - Rapid reduction in viral load (95% within 24 hours, 99% within 72 hours) was observed with NONS. - Symptom resolution occurred faster in NONS group than in placebo group. - Study supports potential emergency use of NONS for mild COVID-19 patients.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2021 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445321002516

This article discusses a clinical practice guideline for the use of nasal irrigation as a treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis in adults, including recommendations for the most effective use of irrigation and the appropriate management of irrigation fluid and devices.

- Nasal irrigation can be a valuable adjunct in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. - Nasal irrigation can alleviate sinonasal symptoms. - Nasal saline irrigation is a safe and effective treatment for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. - Nasal irrigation bottles can be a potential source of bacterial contamination. - Microwave disinfection can be used to disinfect irrigation bottles. - Head position can affect the effectiveness of nasal irrigation.

This is from Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8901942/.

The study compared the efficacy of super-oxidized solution (SOS) with normal saline in peritonitis cases and found that SOS reduced wound pain and infection rates, resulting in early recovery without requiring special training for handling.

- Super Oxidized Solution (SOS) is a useful adjuvant therapy in peritonitis cases. - SOS is safe and effective in reducing postoperative complications like wound infection and pain. - SOS requires no special handling or disposal. - SOS has been shown to reduce signs of inflammation and promote healing. - SOS has broad microbiocidal activity and can be used to prevent hospital-acquired infections.

This is from Maedica (Bucur). 2016 Dec; 11(4): 277–285. Link

This study compared the effectiveness of a water flosser and regular floss in removing plaque after single use and found that the water flosser was as efficient as regular floss in removing interdental plaque, making it a good alternative for those who may struggle with manual dexterity or have fixed prostheses or orthodontic appliances.

- Water flosser was found to be as efficient as regular floss in removing interdental plaque on single use. - Water flosser could be recommended for subjects lacking manual dexterity, by care takers for better plaque control and subjects with fixed prostheses or undergoing orthodontic treatment.

This is from Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8236551/.

This study compares the efficacy of water flosser and regular floss in removing plaque after a single use, and finds that water flosser is as effective as regular floss, which could be recommended for subjects lacking manual dexterity, by care takers for better plaque control and subjects with fixed prostheses or undergoing orthodontic treatment.

- Water flosser is as efficient as regular floss in removing interdental plaque on single use. - Water flosser could be recommended for subjects lacking manual dexterity, by care takers for better plaque control and subjects with fixed prostheses or undergoing orthodontic treatment.

This is from Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences in 2021 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1013905221000328.

This study found that a slightly acidic hypochlorous acid mouthwash was more effective than a chlorhexidine mouthwash at reducing dental plaque and bacteria associated with oral diseases, and may be a safer and more effective alternative to chlorhexidine.

- Gargling with slightly acidic hypochlorous acid (HOCl) was found to be effective in reducing halitosis, O’Leary index measurement, and Snyder test, and remarkably decreased bacterial motility and Filamentous bacteria. - The use of HOCl as a mouthwash rather than CHX, which is commonly used in dental practice but has side effects, will contribute to the prevention of oral diseases and will inhibit the adhesion of dental plaque to the teeth.

This is from Biomedical Research in 2023 at https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/comparison-of-the-preventive-effects-of-slightly-acidic-hocl-mouthwash-and-chx-mouthwash-for-oral-diseases-10156.html.

This study used computational fluid dynamics to compare the effectiveness of using a Neti Pot versus a squeeze bottle for nasal saline irrigation, finding that the Neti Pot provided better coverage in the paranasal sinuses but at the expense of reduced flow and shearing rates, while the squeeze bottle provided greater surface coverage on the side of irrigation.

- Neti Pot irrigation is more effective in delivering saline solution to the nasal cavity on the contralateral side of irrigation due to typically larger volumes but at the expense of reduced flow and shearing rates. - Squeeze bottle irrigation provided greater surface coverage on the side of irrigation. - The Neti Pot increased surface coverage in the paranasal sinuses. - Reducing the jet diameter may aid the direct targeting of a specific region at the side of irrigation by preventing the impingement of the jet to the nasal passage surface and redirection of the flow.

This is from International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology in 2023 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169260722006046?via%3Dihub.

This article provides information for the general public on how proper ventilation and air conditioning can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 in homes, offices, schools, and airplanes.

- Ventilation is an important factor in preventing the spread of COVID-19. - Natural ventilation is preferred over mechanical ventilation. - Air conditioning can be used safely with proper maintenance and regular cleaning. - High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can be used to improve air quality. - When traveling on airplanes, wearing a mask and following recommended ventilation measures can reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission.

This is from WHO in 2023 at https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-ventilation-and-air-conditioning.

A homemade air filter made from a box fan, cardboard, tape, and furnace filters, known as the Corsi-Rosenthal box, may be an effective and affordable way to improve indoor air quality by removing pollutants and viruses like COVID-19, according to early research.

- A good filtration system can help protect you and your family from allergens, indoor pollutants like smoke, and viruses like COVID-19. - Richard Corsi, PhD, of the University of California-Davis and Jim Rosenthal, CEO of Tex-Air Filters, have created a type of homemade air filter that costs less than a third of the price of many HEPA devices. - Some early research suggests these DIY air cleaners, made from cardboard, tape, furnace filters, and a box fan, might be more effective in some ways than HEPA purifiers. - Experts say they could offer a simple solution to improve air quality in our homes, classrooms, and workplaces, which aren’t always well-ventilated. - One study looked at how well Corsi-Rosenthal boxes removed chemicals from the air in an academic building at Brown University. In the 2-month period when the boxes were used, concentrations of certain PFAS (chemicals found in cleaning products and textiles) went down by 40%-60%. At the same time, concentrations of phthalates (from personal-care products and building materials) went down 30%-60%. - According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the best ways to improve indoor air quality are to remove sources of pollutants (like cleaning chemicals or cigarette smoke) and ventilate your space with outdoor air.

This is from WebMD in 2023 at https://www.webmd.com/allergies/corsi-rosenthal-box.

This article discusses the potential benefits of nasal irrigation and oral rinses in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection and suggests that they should be included as additional measures to current public health measures.

- Nasal irrigation and oral rinse may reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. - Saline Nasal Irrigations (SNIs) can reduce the viral load in the nasal cavities and improve the innate antiviral immunity of the nasal mucosa cells. - Oral rinses with antimicrobial agents can reduce the viral load in oral fluids. - SNIs and oral rinses are inexpensive, can be performed at home, and are rarely accompanied by adverse effects. - Randomized clinical trials on large populations are needed to verify the efficacy of SNIs and oral rinses in preventing the spread of COVID-19.

This is from International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology in 2018 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6201180/.

Air filtration, avoidance of recirculation of air, enhanced particle filtration by suitable air filters, and air disinfection can control COVID-19 infection transmission in indoor spaces, and the use of HEPA filters, UVC light, and natural ventilation are effective methods for reducing the spread of the virus.

- Effective ventilation, avoidance of recirculation of air, enhanced particle filtration by suitable air filters and air disinfection can control COVID-19 transmission. - Opening windows can increase natural ventilation and dilute indoor air, reducing infection spread. - Indoor air purifiers with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can filter contaminated indoor air, but must be replaced regularly. - Far-UVC light is recommended for single rooms without air conditioning, while a combination of HEPA filter and UVC light can reduce bacterial and virus load significantly in air-conditioned rooms. - The supply or outdoor air should be filtered by a filter and then mixed with the recirculated air and supplied to the room through the HEPA filters. - The ASHRAE recommends HVAC systems with a minimum efficiency of Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value-13 (MERV-13) to filter even very small particles.

This is from BMC Infectious Diseases in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8234247/.

Hydrating the upper airways with calcium-rich hypertonic salts can reduce the risk of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 by suppressing respiratory droplet generation and increasing oxygen saturation, according to a medical study published in Nature Scientific Reports. The study found that chronic dehydration of the upper airways exacerbates respiratory diseases and that hydration appears promising as a non-drug approach to minimize risks of respiratory disease among the least fortunate.

- Targeted hydration of the nose, larynx, and trachea can reduce COVID-19 symptoms. - The method involves delivering hypertonic calcium-rich salts to the upper airways with hand-held aerosol generators. - The salt mist droplets have a median diameter in the 8-12 μm range. - The study was funded by the Azim Premji Foundation and the PROTECT COVID-19 UK National Core Study on transmission and environment. - The data supporting the findings of this study are available via the provided hyperlink information in the supplementary material.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2022 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08609-y.

The study explores how similarities between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and commensal microbiota can lead to cross-regulation of antibody responses, potentially impacting immune responses and vaccine development.

- Antibodies produced against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein may also cross-react with commensal microbiota. - This cross-reactivity is due to molecular mimicry, where similar structures in the Spike protein and commensal bacteria trigger the immune response. - The presence of cross-reactive antibodies may have implications for both the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and the maintenance of a healthy microbiota. - Further research is needed to understand the extent and consequences of cross-regulation between antibody responses and commensal microbiota.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2023 at Link.

This patent describes a system for manufacturing pure hypochlorous acid in a portable, remotely-controlled unit, which could have applications for disinfection and medical purposes.

- The invention is a system and method for the production of pure hypochlorous acid that is implementable and remotely controlled. - The system produces high-potency, safe, consistently pure, stable, and authentic hypochlorous acid in a high-volume, localized, portable, deployable production facility. - The electrolysis method uses a remotely implementable and controlled production system. - The method includes controlling the flow rate of water, applying feedback-controlled current, adding sodium chloride brine and sodium hydroxide, and producing aqueous hypochlorous acid free of hypochlorites, phosphates, oxides, and stabilizers.

This is from Patent in 2022 at https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2022032115A2/en?assignee=briotech&oq=briotech

This study investigated the effectiveness of using Physiomer, an undiluted seawater nasal spray, to reduce the duration of nasal symptoms in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 or URTIs, by mechanically evacuating nasal secretions containing the viruses and reducing contact time between the viruses and the nasal mucosa.

- Physiomer, an undiluted isotonic seawater nasal spray, may reduce the duration of nasal symptoms caused by mild to moderate COVID-19 and URTIs. - Nasal saline irrigations can reduce the duration of infectious episodes and relieve symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) caused by various respiratory viruses including coronaviruses. - Preliminary data showed that daily nasal wash can significantly reduce symptom duration in subjects with mild and moderate forms of COVID-19. - The study will take place in France among adults subjects who developed nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea no more than 48 hours before study inclusion. - The study will evaluate the effectiveness of Physiomer on reducing the duration of nasal symptoms (nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea) in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 and URTIs.

This is from Clinical Trials Registry in 2023 at https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT04916639.

Nasal rinsing, a traditional method prevalent in Southeast Asia, has been credited for the region's low number of coronavirus cases, although it has not been validated by the WHO, and studies have found that it is effective in treating common cold, while Vanderbilt University Medical Center is conducting clinical trials of nasal saline irrigations on viral load in Covid-19 patients.

- A nasal-rinsing technique linked to Hatha Yoga is hugely popular in some of the ten-nation ASEAN grouping of Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia. - Dr. Amy Baxter believes that nasal irrigation held the key to the low Covid caseload in countries like Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. - Four countries have stood out from the rest of the pack -- Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. - Thailand has 3,261 cases and 58 Covid-related deaths, per the latest tally. - Vietnam has zero deaths from Covid-19 in spite of sharing the border with China. - Cambodia again has zero deaths. Only 197 cases. - Laos only has a total of 19 cases with zero deaths. - The success of Laos and the three other ASEAN countries can be found in the effective collaboration amongst these four countries.

This is from India Today in 2020 at https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/did-nasal-rinsing-help-asean-control-pandemic-or-swift-action-1703801-2020-07-24.

Disinfectants play a crucial role in maintaining a safe and sterile environment in interventional practices, reducing the risk of infections and ensuring patient safety.

This is from Springer in 2021 at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-021-00938-3.

This thesis explores the potential of on-site production of hypochlorous acid for disinfection applications, including wastewater treatment and sanitization of dental operating rooms.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a powerful disinfectant that can be easily produced from the electrolysis of sodium chloride. - HOCl has a wide variety of applications, including wound care, eye care, pet care, horticulture, and wastewater treatment. - An on-site chlorination generator was fabricated and integrated into the Biddeford Pool Wastewater Treatment Plant in December 2022. - A finite element model was developed to predict room coverage with HOCl fog as a function of carrier gas velocity and position for the removal of airborne pathogens in a dental clinic by fogging. - The model should estimate the fogging time and concentration to disinfect a room. - The next step would incorporate a kinetic model for HOCl fog destruction including reaction and evaporation.

This is from Electronic Theses and Dissertations in 2023 at https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3775.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a more effective disinfectant than sodium hypochlorite (traditional "bleach") due to its neutral charge and ability to penetrate cell walls, making it a safer and more sustainable option for disinfection.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is more effective than sodium hypochlorite (bleach) as a disinfectant. - HOCl has a neutral charge and low molecular weight, allowing it to penetrate cell walls more easily. - The pH of the solution affects the balance between hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions, with lower pH values favoring HOCl. - Hypochlorous acid disrupts DNA and destroys germs. - Concentrated bleach (sodium hypochlorite) has a high pH and can be unsafe to handle.

This is from Journal of Environmental Health Science in 2018 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6255518/ This is from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html

The Corsi-Rosenthal box is a cost-effective DIY air filter made from MERV13 furnace filters and a box fan that can help clear indoor air from airborne virus particles, wildfire smoke, pollen, dust, and more.

- DIY box fan filters can help clean indoor air from airborne virus particles, wildfire smoke, pollen, dust, and more. - The Corsi-Rosenthal box is a cost-effective and efficient air cleaner. - The box fan filter can be built using a box fan and MERV13 filters. - There are various modifications and designs available for the box fan filter. - The box fan filter has been used in classrooms and homes to improve indoor air quality.

This is from Clean Air Crew in 2023 at https://cleanaircrew.org/box-fan-filters/.

Saline water gargling and nasal irrigation are simple and globally implementable strategies with therapeutic and prophylactic value that could limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and are harmless interventions.

- Saline water gargling and nasal irrigation can be attempted fairly easily by most individuals and are harmless approaches. - They can be easily implemented by individuals with mild symptoms, those facing obstacles to physician visits, and especially by those in home quarantine. - These are suitable options worth considering in the current crisis. - Specific clinical studies are warranted due to the lack of conclusive evidence.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7528968/.

Cleaning your tongue, either by gentle brushing or using a tongue scraper, is an important part of maintaining good oral hygiene that can improve breath, taste, and overall health.

- Tongue scraping can remove harmful bacteria that inflames your gums as well as prevent cavities. - Improved taste. When you scrape off the surface of your tongue, it’s almost as if you’re starting with an entirely fresh palette. - Fresher breath. So much odor-causing bacteria lives on your tongue. - Taking good care of your oral hygiene is essential to your overall well-being.

This is from Cleveland Clinic in 2023 at https://health.clevelandclinic.org/does-tongue-scraping-actually-work-and-should-i-be-doing-it/.

Using a relatively low-cost "do-it-yourself" air filter (Corsi-Rosenthal Box) can reduce indoor air concentrations of certain chemicals, including PFAS and phthalates, which are commonly found in office building materials and products, but may result in slightly higher sound levels.

- A low-cost "do-it-yourself" air filter (Corsi-Rosenthal Box; CR Box) reduces exposure to several lower-volatility phthalates and sulfonated PFAS previously found in office building materials and products. - Concentrations of seven PFAS and five phthalates were 28-62% lower while CR Boxes were deployed. - Concentrations of five PFAS and one phthalate increased 23-44% during the intervention period, but the 95% CI of most of these estimates included the null. - Daytime sound levels increased 5.0 dB when CR Boxes were operating.

This is from Environmental Science & Technology in 2022 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36562547/.

Saline solution gargling and nasal rinsing have been studied in a double-blind randomized controlled trial for their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing valuable insights for non-specialist readers.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2023 at this link.

Saline solution gargling and nasal rinsing have shown potential as simple and safe interventions in reducing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, according to a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

This is from Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology in 2023. Link

A new drug-free nasal spray called AM-301 has been found to be safe and highly effective in reducing the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta variant in lab tests, suggesting it could serve as a protective barrier against COVID-19.

This is from Int J Mol Sci in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8999825/

Early use of azelastine nasal spray in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 may significantly reduce viral load and improve treatment outcomes.

- Early use of azelastine nasal spray may lower viral load in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. - The study suggests potential benefits of azelastine in managing COVID-19 symptoms. - Results indicate a need for further research on azelastine's effectiveness in COVID-19 treatment.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2024 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32546-z

The use of hypochlorous acid nasal spray after functional endoscopic sinus surgery showed similar efficacy to normal saline nasal irrigation, and may be a convenient alternative for postoperative care.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal spray is effective as an adjuvant therapy after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). - HOCl nasal spray had a similar effect to that of normal saline (NS) nasal irrigation in post-FESS care. - HOCl nasal spray can be an alternative to NS nasal irrigation for post-FESS care due to its convenient application.

This is from International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology in 2021 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196070921003653.

The study investigated the effect of nasal irrigation on children infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19, finding that timely use of saline nasal irrigation may promote nucleic acid conversion and reduce symptom duration in children with the Omicron virus infection.

- Nasal irrigation can be beneficial for adults infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19. - Nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline has been shown to be effective in treating chronic rhinosinusitis. - Nasal irrigation can improve mucociliary activity in various nasal pathologies. - Nasal saline irrigation is safe and can be considered as a treatment option for COVID-19. - Nasal saline irrigation may help in washing away COVID-19. - Nasal saline irrigation is beneficial for children with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis.

This is from Journal of Pediatrics in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10290932/

The study investigated the effect of probiotics on the innate inflammatory response and viral shedding in experimental rhinovirus infection, finding that the administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis Bl-04 resulted in a reduction in the inflammatory response and viral shedding in the upper respiratory tract of human volunteers.

- Ingestion of the probiotic may be associated with an increased CXCL8 response in the nose at baseline that modifies the response to infection. - The probiotic Bl-04 may have reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions. - Probiotics have been shown to induce expression of antiviral responses in vitro and in animal models. - Probiotic supplementation may have a potential for preventing viral respiratory infection and illness. - Further investigations are needed to determine the effects of specific probiotics on innate immune function in the human host.

This is from Benef Microbes in 2017 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797652/

Neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) can be a stable sanitizer when stored at low temperatures and in closed containers with a low surface area-to-volume ratio, which is important for its large-scale application in industries such as horticulture. The antimicrobial efficacy of NEW is influenced by factors such as available chlorine concentration (ACC), oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and pH, and it can effectively reduce bacterial counts when stored under optimal conditions.

- The stability of Undiluted Neutral Electrolyzed Water (NEW) is higher at lower temperatures (4°C) and in closed containers with a low surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio. - The antimicrobial effects of aged EO water depend primarily on the concentration of available chlorine (ACC) rather than oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH. - The results are useful for the food industry to preserve the stability of NEW as a sanitizer.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X2210640X?via%3Dihub

A study found that 222-nm ultraviolet light can effectively reduce the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on surfaces, making it a potentially useful tool for disinfecting areas to help prevent COVID-19 transmission.

- 222-nm UVC light effectively disinfects surfaces contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. - Chronic exposure to 222-nm UVC light does not cause DNA damage or skin lesions in mice. - Long-term use of 222-nm UVC light sterilizing lamps is safe for mice. - 222-nm UVC light inactivates a wide range of microbial pathogens. - Far-UVC light can help control airborne transmission of diseases.

This is from AJIC in 2024 at https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/s0196-6553(20)30809-9/fulltext

This systematic review of evidence suggests that wearing masks, wearing higher quality masks (respirators), and mask mandates generally reduced the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, although the quality of the studies analyzed was often poor and did not account for the highly transmissible Omicron variants.

- Testing, contact tracing, and isolation can substantially reduce the transmission of infection and improve public health outcomes. - The majority of studies suggest a considerable impact of testing, followed by isolation and treatment of detected individuals. - Contact tracing is a method of identifying potential secondary cases and can reduce the population-level growth rate or levels of infection. - There is a clear need for more robustly designed experimental studies to inform TTI design and quantify TTI impact across diverse populations, over different levels of compliance, over different time periods, and for different epidemiological characteristics. - More research is required to fully elucidate the epidemiological consequences of TTI under different scenarios, as well as the broader costs and benefits of different approaches to TTI.

This is from Royal Society Publishing in 2023 at https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2023.0133.

HEPA filters can effectively remove infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the air, providing insights into the proper use and performance of air filtration technologies to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

- HEPA filters can effectively remove infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the air. - HEPA filters with an antiviral agent coating have a capture ratio comparable to conventional HEPA filters. - Proper use of HEPA-filtered air cleaners can help prevent the spread of COVID-19.

This is from the journal "Nature Communications" in 2021 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35947419/.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is a promising disinfectant agent that is effective against bacteria and has advantages over traditional chemical disinfectants, such as being non-corrosive, environmentally friendly, and less toxic, according to a study comparing SAEW and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

- Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) can be effective in reducing bacterial contamination on various surfaces, including fresh produce and animal housing. - SAEW has potential as a non-thermal food sanitizer and can be used to reduce airborne microorganisms in animal housing. - SAEW can be a useful tool in improving food safety and reducing the spread of disease.

This is from PeerJ in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7034383/.

This study found that using tongue cleaners, specifically plastic ones, can effectively reduce the bacterial load on the tongue, which can improve breath odor and overall oral health.

- Tongue cleaners are effective in reducing tongue coating and bacterial load on the tongue dorsum. - Plastic tongue cleaners were found to be the most effective in reducing bacterial load. - The study may be helpful for dentists in prescribing tongue cleaners to their patients.

This is from PubMed in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31308274/.

A low concentration hypochlorous acid nasal irrigation solution was found to be effective in killing bacteria, fungi, and viruses, without showing any toxicity to human nasal epithelial cells.

- A low concentration hypochlorous acid solution can be used as an effective nasal irrigation solution. - The solution has bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal effects on microorganisms that cause chronic sinusitis. - The solution did not show any toxicity on human primary nasal epithelial cells.

This is from The Laryngoscope in 2008 at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1097/MLG.0b013e31817f4d34.

Corsi-Rosenthal boxes, a DIY indoor air filter, were found to be effective in reducing a wide range of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants, according to a study that employed non-targeted and suspect screening analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry.

- Corsi-Rosenthal boxes, a do-it-yourself indoor air filter, may have potential co-benefits of reducing indoor air contaminant levels. - Do-it-yourself Corsi-Rosenthal boxes are an effective means for improving indoor air quality by reducing a wide range of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants.

This is from The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37414869/.

The study investigated the effect of hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation (HANI) on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients, and found that HANI resulted in a significant decrease in the nasopharyngeal viral load, suggesting it may be a promising modality for COVID-19 treatment.

- Hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation may have an effect on COVID-19 transmission. - Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to healthcare workers is a concern. - The respiratory tract microbiome plays a role in respiratory health. - Air pollution may contribute to COVID-19 mortality. - Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling may be beneficial for the common cold. - The stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions is an important factor. - COVID-19 is a dangerous disease. - Viral load dynamics and duration of viral shedding are important factors in COVID-19. - Saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs can be used for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2. - Hydroxychloroquine may not have an effect on SARS-CoV-2 load in the nasopharynx. - Hydroxychloroquine has been studied as a potential treatment for COVID-19, but results are mixed. - Povidone iodine mouthwash may be effective against SARS-CoV-2. - Viral load dynamics in sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs are important for understanding COVID-19.

This is from Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. in 2021. You can find the article here.

Hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation may be beneficial in reducing the severity and duration of COVID-19 symptoms, according to a study published in the Journal of Medical Research.

This is from PMC in 2023 at Link.

The composition and balance of bacteria in the nasal cavity play a crucial role in respiratory health, and dysbiosis can contribute to respiratory infections and allergies, highlighting the importance of understanding and maintaining a healthy nasopharyngeal microbiota.

This is from Clin Exp Pediatr. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8566799/#

This article discusses the importance of building ventilation in reducing the risk of indoor transmission of COVID-19, and explains how airflows can affect the spread of the virus. The authors suggest that high levels of CO2 can be used as an indicator of the potential presence of the virus in the air, and that poor ventilation can contribute to the transmission of other airborne diseases as well.

- COVID-19 can spread through the air indoors. - Proper ventilation can help reduce the spread of COVID-19. - Heavy breathing, coughing, and talking can expel droplets that contain the virus. - These droplets can travel farther than 6 feet and can remain in the air for several minutes. - The risk of transmission is higher in poorly ventilated indoor spaces. - CO2 sensors can be used to monitor ventilation. - The WHO recommends increasing ventilation and avoiding recirculation of air in public spaces.

This is from Journal of Fluid Mechanics in 2020 at https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/effects-of-ventilation-on-the-indoor-spread-of-covid19/CF272DAD7C27DC44F6A9393B0519CAE3.

Water flossing as an adjunct to toothbrushing effectively alleviates gingival inflammation and reduces oral malodor, possibly by depleting oral anaerobes and altering the oral microbiota to a more aerobic phenotype.

- Water flossing can reduce gingival inflammation and plaque buildup. - Water flossing can alter the composition of the oral microbiota. - Water flossing may be more effective than traditional flossing in improving gingival health. - Periodontal disease is associated with halitosis (bad breath). - The subgingival microbiome (bacteria below the gumline) is different in individuals with periodontitis compared to healthy individuals.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212231/.

A handheld disinfection device using far UV-C light effectively reduces harmful bacteria on hospital surfaces, making it a useful alternative when traditional cleaning methods are not feasible.

- The FFUV handheld device significantly reduces microbial pathogens on hospital surfaces. - It achieved an estimated 81.4% reduction in colony counts compared to manual disinfection. - The device is particularly useful when manual disinfection is not feasible. - FFUV can supplement traditional cleaners and disinfectants.

This is from Elsevier Inc. in 2024 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37172646/

A study has shown that biocide treated air filters can effectively kill bacteria, fungi and viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and maintain their structure and filtration function while also being durable and maintaining antimicrobial activity throughout their operational lifetime, making them a potential tool to prevent airborne transmission of respiratory diseases in public spaces such as public transport.

- Antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters can be effective in preventing the spread of airborne pathogens. - The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust ISSF award, Royal Academy of Engineering Award, and an MRC Proximity to Discovery award. - The authors acknowledge financial support for this work by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Grant codes: EP/P029868/1 and EP/S021434/1. - The article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. - The study was conducted by researchers from the University of Birmingham, University of Nottingham, and NitroPep Ltd.

This is from Nature in 2022 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-06579-9

Ef-Chlor, a product manufactured by Hind Pharma, containing Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), is an effective and safe compound used for water purification, disinfection, and sterilization, offering protection against a wide range of disease-causing pathogens and contributing to improving global health conditions by providing clean drinking water.

- Ef-Chlor (NaDCC) tablets are an effective and fast way to purify water. - NaDCC is safer, non-toxic, stable, and efficient compared to other compounds used for water purification. - Ef-Chlor tablets have a higher shelf life and are more stable compared to other chlorinated products. - Ef-Chlor tablets can be used as a multipurpose disinfectant and are applicable in various fields to improve water quality. - Hind Pharma is the manufacturer of Ef-Chlor tablets, which are exported to more than 40 countries.

This is from International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications in 2024 at this link

The evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyses suggests that medical face masks are effective in reducing respiratory transmissions, and universal mask-wearing should be applied-especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

- Face masks are a common and practical control measure used globally to reduce the risk of infection and disease transmission. - Evidence was weak and inconsistent in the efficacy of face masks in preventing respiratory infections. - Participants with fit-tested N95 respirators were likely to have lesser infection risk. - Participants donning double-layered cloth masks were prone to infection. - Medical face masks (MFMs) were found to have protective benefits in reducing respiratory transmissions. - Universal mask-wearing should be applied, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. - Cloth masks should not be used in outbreak hot spots and places where social distancing is impossible.

This is from IOP Publishing Ltd. in 2021 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407516/.

This study found that hypochlorous acid fogging can effectively sanitize surfaces against Enterococcus faecalis, a persistent source of infection, with continuous fogging being the most effective method of application.

- Fogging with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an efficient method for disinfecting large areas. - Ultrasonic fogging with continuous application is the most effective mode of application for HOCl fogging against Enterococcus faecalis. - The optimal pulsed fogging protocol produced a similar reduction, but required nearly 5 times as long. - The home synthesized versions of HOCl yielded much lower log bacterial reductions. - No significant differences in outcome were determined between polymer or metal surfaces.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2022 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019665532200150X.

A study found that inhaling N-chlorotaurine can significantly improve survival rates and reduce fungal infection in mice with pneumonia caused by Lichtheimia corymbifera, although it was less effective against Aspergillus fumigatus.

- Inhaled N-chlorotaurine (NCT) significantly improved survival rates in mice with Lichtheimia corymbifera pneumonia. - 77.8% of mice treated with NCT survived, compared to 11.1% in the control group. - NCT treatment reduced fungal load and improved inflammation markers. - No significant effect was observed in mice with Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia, likely due to high inoculum levels. - NCT was well-tolerated with no adverse effects noted. - The study highlights NCT's potential as an effective treatment for certain fungal pneumonias.

This is from Journal of Fungi in 2022 at https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/5/535

A study on the use of an isotonic saline nasal wash made from seawater in children with colds and flu found that it helped to resolve symptoms faster and reduce medication use, and also showed potential to prevent the recurrence of upper respiratory tract infections.

- Saline nasal wash significantly improved nasal symptoms in children with the common cold and showed potential to prevent the recurrence of upper respiratory tract infections. - Saline nasal wash reduced the quantity of medication used, including nasal decongestants and mucolytics, which are appropriate only on a short-term basis. - Saline nasal wash was well tolerated and had a higher acceptance rate for the milder cleansing strength (fine spray). - The study used an undiluted product for which isotonicity was achieved by using electrodialysis, preserving the concentrations of ions and trace elements to levels comparable with those of seawater.

This is from JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery in 2008 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/article-abstract/221846.

Nasal irrigation and oral rinse with sodium bicarbonate solution is effective in reducing the viral load for COVID-19 patients, according to a medical study.

- Nasal irrigation and oral rinse with sodium bicarbonate solution may aid in virus clearance for COVID-19 patients. - Masks are still needed for the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. - Saline nasal irrigation has been shown to be effective for acute upper respiratory tract infections in infants and children. - Saline irrigation is effective for chronic rhinosinusitis. - Mouthwash may be effective in preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2. - Gargling with 75% sodium bicarbonate solution may aid in SARS-CoV-2 viremia clearance.

This is from Front Public Health in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10053493/.

Nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline is a more effective treatment than traditional saline for chronic rhinosinusitis, improving nasal symptoms and ciliary movement with mild side effects, but more research is needed to determine the exact manner and concentration of nasal irrigation.

- Nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline is more effective than traditional saline in treating chronic rhinosinusitis. - Hypertonic saline is significantly more effective than isotonic saline in improving nasal symptoms and ciliary movement. - There is no significant difference in imaging findings and smell improvement between hypertonic and isotonic saline. - Hypertonic saline has mild side effects and is worthy of widespread use in clinical practice. - It is still necessary to further study the exact manner and concentration of nasal irrigation.

This is from Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial in 2020 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32534983/.

The efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) at 250 ppm free available chlorine was evaluated for inactivating human norovirus, a leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Results showed that NEW effectively reduced the viral genome copy number and infectious titers of the virus on surfaces, demonstrating its potential as an antinoroviral disinfectant for use on stainless steel surfaces.

- Neutral electrolyzed water is effective in inactivating human norovirus. - Sterilox hypochlorous acid solution can be used for surface inactivation of human norovirus. - EO waters can inactivate norovirus and hepatitis A virus. - Sodium hypochlorite is effective against human norovirus on a fecally soiled stainless steel surface. - Metal alloys containing copper can destroy the capsid and genome of human norovirus.

This is from "Appl Environ Microbiol." in 2017 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541222/.

This study found that povidone iodine (PVP-I) nasal and oral antiseptic formulations completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 after 60 seconds of exposure, suggesting that these formulations may help reduce the transmission of the virus through nasal, oral, or surface decontamination.

- Povidone iodine nasal and oral antiseptic solutions are effective at inactivating SARS-CoV-2. - The formulations tested may help to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 if used for nasal decontamination, oral decontamination, or surface decontamination in known or suspected cases of COVID-19.

This is from American Journal of Infection Control in 2020 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951446/.

Probiotic treatment with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 may reduce the likelihood of developing illness symptoms and delay the time to COVID-19 infection when used within 7 days of exposure, according to a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial.

- Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) may reduce the risk of developing COVID-19 symptoms. - LGG is associated with a prolonged time to COVID-19 infection and reduced incidence of illness symptoms when used as prophylaxis within 7 days of exposure. - Overall incidence of COVID-19 diagnosis did not significantly differ between LGG and placebo groups. - LGG may inform future COVID-19 prevention studies, especially in developing nations where Lacticaseibacillus probiotics have been used to reduce other infectious diseases.

This is from ClinicalTrials.gov in 2020 at this link.

The Sentinox Spray has been found to significantly reduce viral load in COVID-19 patients and exhibit virucidal activity against other respiratory viruses, indicating it could be useful in controlling the spread of respiratory viruses.

- The Sentinox spray was found to be effective in reducing viral load in mild COVID-19 and also showed virucidal activity against other respiratory viruses. - The study was conducted through a randomized controlled trial and an in vitro study. - The spray contains hypochlorous acid, which has been shown to be effective in reducing viral load in other respiratory infections. - The study also found that the Sentinox spray was safe and well-tolerated by participants. - The results of the study suggest that the Sentinox spray could be a useful tool in the fight against respiratory infections.

This is from Viruses in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9144724/.

A study found that hypertonic seawater solution is more effective in reducing symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis, including nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, cough, headache, and waking up during the night, compared to isotonic seawater solution.

- Hypertonic seawater solution is better than isotonic seawater solution in eliminating symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, cough, headache, and waking up during the night.

This is from Journal of Laryngology and Otology in 2011 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21258306/.

Electrolyzed hypochlorous acid is a safe and eco-friendly cleaning solution that effectively disinfects floors without leaving harmful residues, making it a better alternative to traditional chemical disinfectants.

- Electrolyzed hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective for floor cleaning and sanitation. - It removes organic dirt and microbial contamination comparably to traditional eco-label detergents. - HOCl does not leave harmful chemical residues and is safe for various floor surfaces. - The use of HOCl-based cleaning systems can reduce environmental impact by approximately 30% compared to detergent-based systems. - This method is suitable for large-scale cleaning in various industries, including healthcare and food services.

This is from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2023 at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/18/6712

Electrolyzed oxidizing water is a highly effective and environmentally friendly sanitation and cleaning agent that can be used in various applications.

This is from Springer in 2021 at Link.

Electrolyzed saline, produced through a custom-made apparatus, has shown promising results in cleaning root canal walls and removing the smear layer, offering a potential alternative to sodium hypochlorite as a root canal irrigant.

- Electrolyzed saline is an alternative to sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation. - Electrochemically activated water solutions show cleaning effectiveness in root canal irrigation. - Electrochemically activated water has antimicrobial effectiveness as an endodontic irrigation solution.

This is from Clujul Med. 2018 Jul; 91(3): 322–327. Link

Electrolyzed water (EW) is a versatile and cost-effective disinfectant with wide applications in medicine, agriculture, and the food industry. It is capable of inhibiting bacterial growth, promoting wound healing, and has potential benefits in oral health care, anti-obesity, and anti-infectious viral diseases.

- Electrolyzed water has pharmacological activities related to wound healing and immune-redox modulation. - Acidic electrolyzed water has been shown to promote wound healing in burn wound models. - Slightly acidic electrolyzed water has a wound healing effect on cutaneous wounds in hairless mice. - Electrolyzed reduced water has a preservative effect on pancreatic β-cell mass in diabetic mice. - Alkaline electrolyzed water, in combination with regular walking, can decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes. - Reduced water has a protective mechanism against alloxan-induced pancreatic β-cell damage. - Neutral pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water inhibits tumor growth and invasion while repressing intracellular oxidants. - Electrochemically reduced water delays mammary tumor growth in mice and inhibits breast cancer cell survival in vitro.

This is from Molecules in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8877615/

Electrolyzed water has been found to effectively disinfect contaminated surfaces, dental materials, and equipment in the dental setting, and may have potential use in the COVID-19 pandemic dental setting according to a systematic review of 63 studies.

- Electrolyzed water has been studied for its potential to control the spread of microorganisms in dental settings. - Several studies have investigated the efficacy of electrolyzed water in disinfecting dental equipment and materials, such as denture cleaning devices, alginate impressions, and dental unit water lines. - Some studies have also explored the potential of electrolyzed water in controlling the spread of COVID-19 in dental offices and among healthcare professionals. - Overall, the findings suggest that electrolyzed water has promising disinfectant properties and may be a useful tool in infection control in dental settings and beyond.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9733258/.

Electrolyzed water has been found to be a safe and effective alternative disinfectant in dental offices, especially during supply shortages, and can help ensure the continuity of dental services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

- Electrolyzed water generated on-site is a promising disinfectant in dental offices during the COVID-19 pandemic. - It has been reviewed as an effective disinfectant for various applications, including inactivation of human norovirus and prions. - Electrolyzed water has been found to have bactericidal properties and can be used to extend the shelf-life of seafood products. - It is considered a valuable disinfectant for endoscopes and has been shown to enhance the bactericidal effect on biofilms. - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website provides information on dental settings and COVID-19.

This is from Frontiers in Public Health in 2021. You can find the article here.

Environmental diseases are illnesses that are directly caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, radiation, and chemicals, and can include skin cancer, asthma, and cardiovascular disease, among others.

- Environmental diseases are caused by environmental factors, not genetic factors or infection. - Diet, exposure to toxins, pathogens, radiation, and chemicals, stress, racism, and physical and mental abuse are causes of a large segment of non-hereditary disease. - There are many different types of environmental disease including those caused by physical factors, toxic or irritant chemicals, toxins from biologic agents, toxic social factors, lifestyle, and smoking-related disease. - Urban areas have a higher incidence of certain diseases due to risk factors in the environment such as air pollution and altered microbial exposure. - Environmental diseases can be caused by chemicals such as metals, halogens, organic compounds, and noxious gases. - The U.S. Coast Guard has developed a comprehensive system for surveillance of workplace diseases.

This is from Aviat Space in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8070916/.

EPA researchers are studying the effectiveness of various types of face masks and disinfection methods for personal protective equipment (PPE) against COVID-19, and their results will help healthcare professionals and the public make informed decisions regarding the most effective products to use.

- Face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) are important tools to protect the wearer and others against COVID-19. - Researchers are rigorously testing masks and other PPE in EPA’s laboratories in Chapel Hill and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. - The researchers sought to determine whether alternatives to high-efficiency N95 masks reserved for health care workers could offer similar protection for hospital personnel in the event of shortages. - They found that the effectiveness of the masks varied widely: a three-layer knitted cotton mask blocked an average of 26.5 percent of particles in the chamber, while a washed, two-layer woven nylon mask with a filter insert and metal nose bridge blocked 79 percent of particles on average. - The team continues to explore mask performance with studies in progress on the effects of facial hair and face shape on mask fit. - EPA researchers wanted to know whether PPE could be disinfected and reused while providing the same level of protection for wearers. - Their preliminary results, published in an EPA Report, show that certain disinfection methods may work well on some types of PPE without damaging the material.

This is from Journal of American Medical Association in 2020 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771462. This is from Journal of American Medical Association in 2020 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768396. This is from EPA Report at https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/evaluating-disinfection-methods-personal-protective-equipment-ppe-items-intended-0.

Saline irrigation or nebulizing aerosol may represent a useful add-on to first-line interventions for COVID-19 by reducing symptoms, according to a recent European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology article that reviews relevant clinical data and provides recommendations for the use of isotonic or hypertonic saline as a simple rinse or aerosol.

- Isotonic saline is recommended for nasal or respiratory hygiene in times of COVID-19, unless for gargling, where hypertonic 2% NaCl is recommended. - Home-made saline (prepared with simple kitchen salt) is often proposed in the Internet. - Usual applications for airway care are to be carried out 2 to 3 times a day, while ongoing clinical trials in symptomatic COVID-19 patients propose oronasal irrigation up to 12 times per day. - Saline aerosol leads to suppression and reduction of exhaled bio-aerosol. - Saline aerosol and irrigation should be combined with the basic hygiene measures for COVID-19, with use of disposable or washable tissues to collect superfluous rinse and mucus, with hand washing and adequate room ventilation. - There is no evidence that nasal rinse would lead to worsening olfaction.

This is from Journal in 2021 at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00228-021-03102-3.

A study found that a nasal spray reduced the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to placebo and was well-tolerated, offering a novel treatment option for prophylaxis against COVID-19, according to a randomized trial published in the Journal of Clinical Virology. The spray was developed by Raphael Labs Ltd and Dabur Research Foundation and combines natural virucidal agents with a patented system designed to alter the optimal acidic environment required for cell invasion, hence preventing viral entry into the nasal epithelium. The study's primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects who tested positive for IgGS (anti-spike, immunoglobulin G specific to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2) at day 45.

- A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel prophylactic nasal spray in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. - The study was multi-centre, double blind, placebo-controlled, and randomised. - The study found that the nasal spray was effective in inhibiting in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection and spread. - Other studies have also investigated the use of nasal sprays and mouthwashes as a preventive measure against COVID-19. - The studies suggest that nasal sprays containing iota-carrageenan or IgM antibodies may offer broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

This is from J Clin Virol in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9313533/.

In vitro experiments showed that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solutions can be effective in inactivating avian influenza virus (AIV) in liquid and spray forms, providing a possible method for controlling AIV at the farm level.

• Sprayed hypochlorous acid solutions showed virucidal activity against avian influenza virus in in vitro experiments. • The use of electrolyzed water in the food industry has been studied and found to be effective. • Common detergents and chemicals can inactivate avian influenza virus. • Biocides have viricidal activity and specific mechanisms of action. • Chlorine has been shown to inactivate highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. • Factors such as physico-chemical conditions and surfaces can affect the survival of avian influenza virus. • Passive immunization with antiserum generated from viral polypeptides can protect poultry birds from lethal avian influenza virus infection. • Acidic electrolyzed water and neutral electrolyzed water have a virucidal effect on avian influenza viruses. • The persistence of avian influenza viruses in frozen environmental water types has been studied. • The onset of virus shedding and clinical signs in chickens infected with avian influenza viruses has been investigated. • DIVA vaccination strategies for avian influenza virus have been explored. • The occurrence and transmission characteristics of airborne avian influenza virus have been studied. • Low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus can be transmitted from chickens to other bird species. • Membraneless acidic electrolyzed water has antimicrobial effects on airborne bacteria from poultry houses.

This is from Journal of Veterinary Medical Science in 2015 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363024/.

The super oxidized solution Estericide QX exhibited high antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, making it a potential alternative for disinfection against multidrug-resistant nosocomial bacteria.

- Estericide QX, a super oxidized solution, showed high antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. - The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Estericide QX ranged from 10-40 parts per million (ppm). - All tested bacteria were killed within 30 seconds of contact time. - Estericide QX maintained its disinfectant action over time. - Estericide QX can be used efficiently against multiresistant nosocomial bacteria, providing an alternative for disinfection.

This is from Journal of Medical Microbiology in 2014 at this link.

Using a water flosser in combination with a manual toothbrush is more effective in removing plaque from tooth surfaces than using a manual toothbrush and string floss alone, according to a clinical study involving 70 adult subjects.

- Water flosser is more effective than string floss in removing plaque from tooth surfaces. - Water flosser is 29% more effective than string floss for overall plaque removal and approximal surfaces specifically. - Water flosser is more effective in removing plaque from the marginal, lingual, and facial regions.

This is from Journal of Clinical Dentistry in 2013 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24282867/

This study suggests that maintaining good oral hygiene may play a role in preventing and reducing the risk of influenza infection. The study found a nearly significant correlation between poor oral hygiene and higher risk of influenza infection, as well as lower prevalence of infection in subjects with saliva weakly acidic and/or containing higher protein level.

- Perioperative oral care can help prevent postoperative pneumonia associated with esophageal cancer surgery. - Influenza viruses have different pH sensitivities, acid stabilities, and fusogenicities. - Hypochlorous acid has virucidal activity against avian influenza virus. - Saliva contains innate antimicrobial defenses that help protect against infections. - The ACE2 receptor, which the SARS-CoV-2 virus uses to enter cells, is highly expressed on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa.

This is from PLoS One in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8372885/.

Hypochlorous acid is a safe and effective disinfectant that is not widely used in hospitals in North America, despite being approved by various organizations and having benefits such as being cost-effective and environmentally responsible.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a safe, nontoxic and effective disinfectant solution. - HOCl is the most powerful oxidant in the chlorine family and is more effective than bleach. - HOCl is used in wound care, skin disinfection, food safety, water treatment, purification of oil and natural gas wells, deodorization and skin products, and as a food-safe sanitizer on both food products and food preparation surfaces. - HOCl is a strong disinfectant in health care and is an excellent cleaning solution. - HOCl is safe for staff who use it as well as for the patients and family members who are the beneficiaries of the cleaning and disinfecting process. - HOCl is safe for the health care environment and the waste stream. - HOCl is cost-effective.

This is from HFMA Magazine in 2022 at https://www.hfmmagazine.com/articles/4458-exploring-the-use-of-hypochlorous-acid-for-disinfection.

Far UV-C radiation is an effective and safe method for inactivating airborne pathogens, including viruses like COVID-19, without harming human skin or eyes.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10643389.2022.2084315

Far-UVC light (222 nm) has been shown to effectively inactivate airborne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus in a room-sized environment, making it a promising technology for reducing airborne disease transmission without harmful effects on human health.

• Far-UVC light (222 nm) effectively inactivates airborne pathogens in room-sized environments. • The study demonstrates the potential of Far-UVC as a disinfection method in public spaces. • The research highlights the importance of using safe UV light to reduce the spread of airborne viruses. • Far-UVC technology could be a valuable tool in controlling infections, especially in healthcare settings.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2022 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08462-z

Water flossers offer an effective alternative to traditional flossing, with benefits including removing plaque, preventing periodontal disease, and cleaning between braces and bridge work.

- Water flossers are an effective tool for removing plaque from between teeth and along gum lines. - Water flossing can help prevent periodontal disease by removing plaque from under your gum line that a toothbrush cannot reach. - Water flossers are a great tool for cleaning between braces, bridges and other restorative dental work. - Water flossing can remove debris from around these areas without damaging your gums or sensitive teeth. - Water flossing not only helps to reverse early gingivitis it can help to improve your overall gum health.

This is from Dentaly in 2023 at https://www.dentaly.org/en/oral-hygiene/how-to-floss/water-flossing-benefits/

The Waterpik Water Flosser is an evidence-based, clinically-proven and effective alternative to traditional flossing methods for better oral health.

- Waterpik Water Flosser is more effective than string floss, air floss, and interdental brushes. - Scientific evidence from independent and university-based research centers supports the effectiveness of Waterpik Water Flosser. - Clinical Research Summary (PDF) with all research abstracts is available on the website.

This is from Journal of Clinical Dentistry in 2020 at https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/pro/clinical-research/.

This article discusses the historical development of theories about the causes of infectious diseases, focusing on the shift towards a "host theory" and the role of inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies in determining the severity of infection outcomes.

- Autoantibodies that neutralize type I interferons can increase the risk of severe COVID-19 and are present in some individuals over 70 years old and in patients with certain autoimmune diseases. - Inborn errors of immunity to infection can affect cells other than leukocytes and impair cell-intrinsic immunity to certain pathogens. - The traditional germ theory of disease, which posits that infectious diseases are caused by specific microorganisms, has been challenged by the host theory, which emphasizes the role of the host immune response in determining disease outcomes. - The history of immunology is marked by paradigm shifts, such as the transition from the specificity theory to the clonal selection theory, and ongoing controversies, such as the debate over whether the immune system is primarily defensive or regulatory.

This is from Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10293828/.

Gargling with salt water may help reduce the risk of Covid hospitalization, according to a study presented at the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Annual Scientific Meeting.

- Gargling with salt water may help prevent Covid hospitalization. - Both low- and high-dose saline regimens are associated with lower hospitalization rates compared to controls in SARS-CoV-2 infections. - Saline nasal irrigation and gargling improve respiratory symptoms associated with coronavirus infection.

This is from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) Annual Scientific Meeting in 2023 at https://acaai.org/news/new-study-gargling-with-salt-water-may-help-prevent-covid-hospitalization/

The germ theory of disease, which states that microorganisms can cause illness, replaced the miasma theory of disease in the late 19th century, and was developed through the work of scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.

- Microorganisms cause diseases. - Hygienic measures can prevent the spread of disease. - Specific animalcules in the soil and air are responsible for causing specific diseases. - Cholera is caused by cells smaller than human epithelial cells. - Four criteria for establishing causality between specific microorganisms and diseases were published by Robert Koch. - Compound fractures are more likely to become infected due to exposure to environmental microorganisms.

This is from Wikipedia in 2021 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease.

The study suggests that changes in gut microbiota composition may be linked to persistent symptoms in patients with long-term complications of COVID-19, and further research is needed to explore if modifying the gut microbiota can aid in recovery from post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.

- Gut microbiome composition is linked to post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). - Patients with PACS had higher levels of Ruminococcus gnavus and Bacteroides vulgatus, and lower levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. - Persistent respiratory symptoms were correlated with opportunistic gut pathogens. - Neuropsychiatric symptoms and fatigue were correlated with nosocomial gut pathogens. - Butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, showed inverse correlations with PACS at 6 months. - Compositional alterations of the gut microbiome were observed in patients with long-term complications of COVID-19. - Further studies should investigate whether microbiota modulation can facilitate timely recovery from PACS.

This is from BMJ in 2023 at https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/3/544.long

A pilot study suggests that a gut microbiota-derived synbiotic formula (SIM01) may improve immune response and reduce inflammation in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, potentially leading to better outcomes.

- Gut microbiota-derived synbiotic formula (SIM01) shows promise as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19. - Alterations in the gut microbiota have been observed in patients with COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza. - Metatranscriptomic characterization of COVID-19 has identified a host transcriptional classifier associated with immune signaling. - Gut microbiota richness in patients with COVID-19 can be followed up for six months. - Probiotics and prebiotics have been shown to have immune benefits and may be beneficial during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This is from J Gastroenterol Hepatol in 2022. Link

This study found that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) at a concentration of 100 ppm can effectively and rapidly destroy COVID-19, influenza, and herpes viruses that are spread through saliva and droplets, making it a potentially effective virucide for use in dental procedures to prevent transmission of these viruses.

- HOCl can rapidly kill Corona, Flu, and Herpes to prevent aerosol spread. - Saliva can be used as a diagnostic material for influenza virus infection by PCR-based assays. - Preprocedural mouthrinses can reduce SARS-CoV-2 load in dental aerosols. - The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets is important in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. - Disinfection and sterilization are important in healthcare facilities to prevent the spread of infections. - Aerosol transmission is a possible route for influenza A virus. - The evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants is being studied. - Hypochlorous acid can be used as a disinfectant for dental unit waterlines. - Free radicals have implications in various diseases. - The pathology of influenza virus infections has been studied. - Herpes simplex virus has a global infection prevalence and incidence estimates. - The future of knowledge representation and creative work aided by machine understanding of language is being investigated.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10227542/.

Chlorine-based disinfectants used in clinical settings, such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite (OCl-), have different properties and pH-dependent characteristics, and understanding their proper use is crucial to prevent confusion and potential harm when handling and mixing these solutions.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and OCl− are chlorine-based disinfectants used in clinical settings. - HOCl has antiseptic properties and is used in wound treatment. - Chlorine-based disinfectants have been evaluated for their efficacy against bacteria and viruses, including SARS-Coronavirus. - Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) are alternative disinfectants to sodium hypochlorite for drinking water treatment. - Chlorine-based disinfectants have been studied for their use in cleaning and disinfection processes. - Chlorine-based disinfectants have been used in the treatment of wild leeches and external decontamination.

This is from Journal of Global Health Reports in 2024 at this link.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) is a disinfectant naturally produced by the immune system and has been proven to be effective against various pathogens, including the COVID-19 virus, and can penetrate biofilms, making it a promising treatment for periodontal disease.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) was identified in 1811 and isolated in 1823. - HOCL was used to irrigate wounds during World War I and treated soldiers recovered in half the time as non-treated soldiers. - HOCL is produced within every mammal's immune response and is "native" chemistry to the human body. - HOCL is effective against COVID-19 and fights infections on many levels. - HOCL is the only form of chlorine produced naturally by the body. - There is now more than one method to produce a stabilized HOCL. - HOCL will penetrate biofilms which is the habitat that bacteria resides. - HOCL has been extensively studied for its safety and biocompatibility.

This is from Catalyst in 2020 at https://www.burkhartdental.com/hypochlorous-acid-hocl-not-novel-but-essential/.

This document provides an at-home treatment protocol designed to alleviate Covid-19 symptoms, speed up recovery, and prevent the spread of the virus among those you live with, including an oral and nasal rinse, medication and supplements, monoclonal antibody infusion, and aggressive outpatient treatment.

- If you test positive for Covid-19, you can immediately begin an at-home treatment protocol to alleviate your symptoms, speed up your recovery, and prevent the spread of the virus among the people you live with. - Oral and nasal rinse with a diluted Povidone-Iodine solution can kill the virus where it lives and can also be used as a preventative measure by people who have been exposed to Covid-19 but are not yet sick. - Several proven supplements can speed up your recovery and give your immune system a boost if you test positive for Covid-19 or are exposed to someone who has tested positive. - Monoclonal antibody infusion is available for patients who have tested positive for Covid-19, are not hospitalized, and have mild-to-moderate symptoms that started less than 10 days ago and have one or more risk factors. - MedHelp doctors are willing to aggressively treat Covid-19 in an outpatient setting with proven, FDA-approved treatments.

This is from MedHelp Clinics in 2023 at https://medhelpclinics.com/resources/advice-from-the-doctor/at-home-treatment-protocol-for-covid-19.

This article reviews the effectiveness of masks in preventing the spread of COVID-19, discussing the transmission modes of the virus and evaluating different types of masks for their inhalation protection and exhalation isolation capabilities. The main takeaway is that masks are an effective means of preventing virus transmission, but their effectiveness depends on factors such as the type of mask and environmental conditions.

- Masks can be effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19. - The effectiveness of masks depends on the type of mask and how it is used. - Masks can reduce the amount of virus that is released into the air. - Masks can also protect the wearer from inhaling the virus. - Other measures, such as social distancing and hand hygiene, are also important in preventing the spread of COVID-19.

This is from Med Devices Sens. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7883189/#.

Indoor air quality can have significant impacts on health, and there are various steps individuals can take to improve it, including increasing ventilation, controlling sources of pollutants, and using air purifiers or upgrading heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.

- Poor indoor air quality can contribute to health problems. - Fresh air from outside is better than no fresh air from outside. - Certain gases can be dangerous too, such as carbon monoxide and radon. - Consumer goods and cleaning supplies can release pollutants like formaldehyde, benzene, and other volatile organic compounds. - Smoking or burning a fire indoors introduces smoke. - Poor indoor air quality can have health consequences that range from irritation of the eyes, nose and throat to headaches and dizziness to asthma attacks. It's also linked to respiratory and heart disease. - There may be cognitive risks to breathing polluted air as well. - A portable air purifier can be a good way to clean the air if outdoor air quality is poor. - The spread of airborne germs is a serious issue indoors. - Ventilation, source control, and filtration can help improve indoor air quality. - Schools, health care facilities, and group residential or care facilities are in the best position to benefit from air quality improvements.

This is from NPR in 2023 at https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/08/18/1194323903/air-quality-filter-purifier-indoor-pollution.

Making an isotonic saline solution involves measuring out the correct amount of salt and water and mixing them together until the salt is fully dissolved, and depending on the intended use, baking soda may also be added to the solution to improve its mucus-solvent properties.

- Isotonic saline solution has a salt concentration of about 0.9% or 9g per 1000ml of fluid. - Making isotonic saline solution is a precise, but simple, science. - For each 8 oz. of tap water or filtered water, use 1/4 tsp. of salt. - Heat the desired amount of water on a stove or in a microwave-safe container in a microwave oven until it is warm but not boiling. - Store any unused portion of the solution in a glass storage jar in a refrigerator. - Some isotonic saline solutions also contain 1/4 tsp. of baking soda per 8 oz. - Use sterile water and kosher salt if you make an isotonic solution for contact lenses.

This is from Leaf.tv in 2022 at https://www.leaf.tv/articles/how-to-make-isotonic-saline-solution/.

Wearing masks, especially high-quality ones like surgical N95s, can help slow the spread of COVID-19, but they should be used in combination with other measures like vaccination and physical distancing, and the most protective masks should be reserved for health care professionals.

- Wearing a face mask slows how quickly the virus that causes COVID-19 spreads. - The CDC recommends wearing masks in specific places and situations. - The most protective mask that you'll wear regularly, fits well and is comfortable should be worn. - Respirators such as nonsurgical N95s give the most protection. KN95s and medical masks provide the next highest level of protection. Cloth masks provide less protection. - The most effective cloth masks are made of many layers of tightly woven fabric like cotton. - Your mask works best if it fits your face closely and has no gaps around the edges. - Proper use, storage and cleaning of masks also affects how well they protect you. - Don't put masks on anyone who has trouble breathing or is unconscious or otherwise unable to remove the mask without help. - Don't put masks on children under age 2. - Don't use face masks instead of physical distancing. - Experts do not recommend using face shields instead of masks. - After you're vaccinated, you can more safely return to doing activities that you might not have been able to do because of the pandemic. However, if you are in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital, the CDC recommends wearing a mask indoors in public.

This is from Mayo Clinic Staff in 2023 at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-mask/art-20485449.

The human microbiome is the collection of microorganisms that live on and within human tissues and biofluids and play important roles in shaping an individual's long-term health.

- The human microbiome plays a vital role in preventing a wide range of diseases, from type 2 diabetes and obesity to inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson's disease, and even mental health conditions like depression. - Microbiome-based treatment is showing promise, most notably for treating drug-resistant C. difficile infection and in diabetes treatment. - Microorganisms are implicated in some 20% of human cancers. - Microbiome-based interventions such as hygiene, probiotics, prebiotics, microbiota transplants, medications, antibiotics, diseases, exercise, diet, breastfeeding, aging, and other factors can change the human microbiome across various anatomical systems or regions such as skin and gut.

This is from Nature in 2012 at https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11234, from PLoS One in 2012 at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047712, and from the American Academy of Microbiology in 2014 at https://www.asm.org/Press-Releases/2014/June/FAQ-on-the-Human-Microbiome.

The study investigated the systemic immune response to the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12 and found that its consumption led to changes in immune cell frequencies and cytokine production, suggesting potential health benefits.

- Consumption of the oral probiotic S. salivarius K12 may result in an anti-inflammatory systemic immune response. - Further studies with a larger cohort are needed to confirm these findings. - Understanding the mechanisms of probiotics' role in health is important.

This is from "Journal of [Gemma L. Laws, John D. F. Hale, and Roslyn A. Kemp] in 2021 at URL".

The study evaluated the respiratory effects of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) exposure on workers and found that inhalation of NaDCC at certain concentrations can result in adverse health effects, including weight loss, changes in blood parameters, and irritation in the respiratory system.

- Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) was assessed for its respiratory effects to protect workers' health. - The study analyzed the concentrations of various cytokines and reactive oxygen species in the BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid). - Organ weights and histopathological examinations were conducted on various organs. - Statistical analysis was performed using PRISTIMA software. - The study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines and animal welfare regulations. - Data availability is ensured for justified requests. - A correction to this paper has been published on April 19, 2024. - References to relevant studies and guidelines are provided. - The study was funded by the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. - The authors declare no competing interests.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2021 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95148-7.

Proper nasal hygiene, such as using products with xylitol, can help reduce the viral load of COVID-19 in the nose and upper airway, according to studies, and may be a useful tool in reducing transmission of the virus.

- Washing your nose can help reduce the viral load of COVID-19. - XLEAR is a nasal hygiene tool that can help wash away mucus and speed up the mucous clearance cycle. - Xylitol blocks the ability of the SARS/COVID2 virus to adhere to the tissue.

This is from Jessop's Journal in 2023 at https://www.abc4.com/news/hygiene-and-covid-you-wash-your-hands-but-do-you-wash-your-nose/.

Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation can help reduce congestion and improve airflow in the nose and sinuses by washing away mucus and debris, shrinking swollen membranes, and improving cell function. To use, mix pickling/canning salt and pure bicarbonate in a clean jar with distilled or bottled water, pour into a clean bowl, and use a bulb/ear syringe, medical syringe, or Water Pik to squirt the solution into each side of the nose 2-3 times per day. It may cause a burning sensation at first, but it usually goes away within a few days.

- Hypertonic Saline Nasal Irrigation is the practice of flushing the nose and the sinus spaces around it with saline that has a higher concentration of salt. - Hypertonic saline acts as a solvent and washes the mucus crusts and other debris from your nose. - The higher salt concentration pulls fluid out of the swollen membrane and shrinks them. This decongests and improves the airflow into your nose. The sinus passages begin to open and drain. - Studies show that high concentration salt water improves cell function (ciliary beat pattern). - Plan to irrigate your nose with hypertonic solution saline 2-3 times per day. - Most people experience a little burning sensation the first few times they use hypertonic saline solution, but this usually goes away within a few days.

This is from University of Michigan Health System in 2015 at http://www.uofmhealth.org/.

Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling may reduce the duration of upper respiratory tract infection caused by coronaviruses, including COVID-19, according to a pilot study. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the full effectiveness of this intervention.

- Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling (HSNIG) reduced the duration of coronavirus upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) by an average of two-and-a-half days. - HSNIG may offer a potentially safe, effective, and scalable intervention for COVID-19. - HSNIG reduced the duration of URTI, over-the-counter medication use, transmission within household contacts, and viral shedding. - Epithelial cells produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from chloride ions, which has an antiviral effect against various viruses. - SARS-CoV-2 titres are higher in the nose than the throat, suggesting that measures to control the infection and viral shedding can help reduce transmission. - HSNIG reduced the duration of illness, blocked nose, cough, and hoarseness of voice in individuals infected with coronavirus. - The findings suggest that HSNIG may have a role in reducing symptoms and duration of illness in COVID-19.

This is from Journal of Global Health in 2023 at URL.

A study from the University of São Paulo shows that hypertonic saline solution can inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and may contribute to the development of new treatments or prophylactic interventions to minimize the severity of the disease.

- A hypertonic saline solution inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and has been elucidated the biochemical mechanism involved. - The study was performed in the laboratory using human epithelial lung cells infected with the virus. - If the strategy proves effective in clinical trials, it could contribute to the development of novel prophylactic interventions to prevent COVID-19 or even treatments for the disease. - By comparing different concentrations of the product, the researchers found that a 1.5% NaCl solution completely inhibited viral replication in Vero cells. In human epithelial lung cells, a 1.1% solution was sufficient to achieve 88% inhibition. - Hypertonic saline is already adopted prophylactically to manage cases of influenza, bronchiolitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and other respiratory disorders. - "Reducing viral replication means reducing the severity of the disease and the inflammatory response. COVID-19 is a complex disease, comprising the viral replication stage, which hypertonic saline could treat, and then systemic inflammation, which is far more extensive. This second stage can be intense and lead to a number of complications in different organs."

This is from ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science in 2021 at https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00080.

Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation is more effective than isotonic saline in improving symptoms of rhinosinusitis, such as nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and headache, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

- Hypertonic saline (HS) nasal irrigation is more effective than isotonic saline (IS) in reducing symptoms of sinonasal diseases. - There is no difference in disease-specific quality of life between HS and IS nasal irrigation. - HS nasal irrigation may have greater minor side effects than IS. - HS is more effective in patients with rhinitis, patients under 18 years old, high volume saline irrigation, and hypertonicity of <3% or 3%-5%. - Buffered saline and operative status do not have an impact.

This is from International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology in 2018 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29774747/.

Hypertonic saline solutions are more effective than isotonic solutions for sinus health, and can be made at home with bottled water, sea salt or Kosher salt, and baking soda, and used 2-3 times a day with a bulb syringe, lavage bottle, neti pot, or water pik with a special nasal irrigator tip.

- Hypertonic saline solutions are better than isotonic solutions for sinus health. - Hypertonic solutions provide a saltier saline, which is more effective at killing bacteria and acts as a better decongestant. - Hypertonic saline solutions can increase ciliary beat frequency, promoting healing at a faster rate. - A recipe for making hypertonic saline solution at home is provided.

This is from New York Sinus Center in 2015 at https://www.nysinuscenter.com/2015/11/sinus-facts-why-hypertonic-saline-solutions-are-better-than-isotonic/.

This journal article discusses the potential use of hypertonic solution as an adjuvant therapy for severe COVID-19 patients, highlighting its anti-inflammatory effects and potential benefits in regulating leukocyte function and improving respiratory illness.

- Hypertonic solution may be a potential adjuvant therapy for severe COVID-19 patients. - Hypertonic saline resuscitation has immunomodulatory effects and can reduce lung inflammation. - Hypertonic saline can suppress neutrophil margination and priming. - Hypertonicity prevents the expression of certain molecules in neutrophils. - Hypertonic saline can reduce neutrophil-epithelial interactions and gut tissue damage. - Hypertonic saline inhibits cytokine production by stimulated neutrophils and mononuclear cells. - Hypertonicity can inhibit exocytosis in neutrophils and remodel the actin skeleton. - Hypertonic saline can suppress neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and promote apoptosis. - Hypertonic saline has been used for nasal or respiratory hygiene in times of COVID-19. - Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care may improve health outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

This is from Frontiers in Medicine in 2022. You can find the article at this link.

Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid that is an oxidizer and primary disinfectant agent in chlorine solutions, with a history of use in medicine, wound care, and disinfection, and is still being studied for potential uses in water treatment, organic synthesis, and deodorization.

- Hypochlorous acid is a potent disinfectant that can inactivate many vital systems in bacteria in less than 0.1 seconds. - The concentration required for bactericidal activity is highly dependent on bacterial concentration. - Hypochlorous acid can cause inhibition of glucose oxidation, depletion of adenine nucleotides, inhibition of DNA replication, and protein unfolding and aggregation. - Hypochlorous acid water is difficult to maintain as it quickly deteriorates back into salt water, losing its disinfecting capability.

This is from Wikipedia in 2021 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid

This is an application submitted to the WHO to add hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to the Essential Medicines List for its effectiveness as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and wound care product, backed up by extensive research and evidence.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a disinfectant, antiseptic, and wound care agent. - HOCl has been shown to have virucidal activity against avian influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. - HOCl has been evaluated for use in surgical breast pocket irrigation, peritoneal lavage, and diabetic foot infections. - HOCl has been shown to be effective in killing bacteria, fungi, and viruses. - HOCl has been evaluated for use in wound care, with studies showing it can decrease tissue bacterial bioburden and promote wound healing. - HOCl has been used in burn care and has been shown to be effective in treating burns. - HOCl has been evaluated for use in reducing infection in chronic venous leg ulcers and mild diabetic foot infections. - HOCl has been evaluated for use in reducing bacterial bioburden in surgical wounds. - HOCl has been shown to be effective in killing biofilms. - HOCl has been evaluated for use in peritoneal lavage to prevent surgical site infection.

This is from "Wounds" in 2016 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950106/. This is from "Journal of Wound Care" in 2016 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27701372. This is from "International Wound Journal" in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32061080. This is from "Wounds" in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32167510. This is from "Toxicology Database DSSTox" at https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/dsstoxdb/results?utf8=✓&search=Hypochlorous+acid&search_type=exact_match. This is from "Toxic Substances and Disease Registry" at https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp160.pdf. This is from "Development and Reproductive Toxicology Database" at https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/dart.htm. This is from "European Bioinformatics Institute of EMBL" at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:28919.

The study evaluated the efficacy of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as an antimicrobial agent in periodontitis and found that it was comparable to chlorhexidine (CHX) in reducing plaque and recolonization of periodontopathic bacteria, showing potential as a post-surgical treatment option for periodontal healing.

- Hypochlorous acid shows potential as a postsurgical antimicrobial agent in periodontitis. - Chlorhexidine mouthwashes and essential oil mouthwashes have an effect on gingival fibroblast survival and migration. - Post-surgical cleansing protocols can have an impact on early plaque control in periodontal and/or periimplant wound healing. - Alcohol-free and alcohol-based chlorhexidine solutions can be used for rinsing after periodontal surgery. - Chlorhexidine spray and chlorhexidine mouthwash can be effective in controlling dental plaque after periodontal surgery. - Iron can impact the bleaching efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in liquid whey systems. - Real-time PCR can be used for the detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. - Periodontal disease is associated with a genetic risk of developing arthritis and early rheumatoid arthritis. - Real-time PCR is a quantitative method for the detection of periodontal pathogens. - Treponema denticola numbers correlate with the severity of periodontal disease. - Biological or non-biological DMARDs may modify the periodontal condition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This is from Antibiotics (Basel) in 2023 at PMC10451621.

A study has found that a hypochlorous acid eye spray with a concentration of 0.01% may be effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, and can be used as an additional protection measure for healthcare personnel and the general population, although further clinical studies are necessary to confirm its effectiveness and safety as a virucidal against SARS-CoV-2 and the maximum duration of continuous use.

- Hypochlorous acid at a concentration of 0.01% could be recommended as an additional protection measure for healthcare personnel against COVID-19. - Its use could even be considered in the general population to reduce the viral load and/or prevent transmission of the infection. - Further clinical studies would be necessary to confirm its effectiveness and safety as a virucidal against SARS-CoV-2, as well as the maximum duration of continuous use.

This is from Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8598944/.

Hypochlorous acid has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and low toxicity, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of infectious diseases.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. - HOCl is a powerful oxidizing agent that can penetrate bacterial cell membranes, leading to intracellular damage and cell death. - HOCl has been shown to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. - HOCl is non-toxic, non-irritating, and non-allergenic, making it a safe alternative to traditional antibiotics. - HOCl has rapid killing kinetics, with complete bacterial eradication occurring within minutes of exposure. - HOCl has been used successfully in various clinical applications, including wound healing, ophthalmology, and dermatology. - HOCl can enter bacterial cells and react with various cellular components, leading to denaturation and inactivation of proteins, disruption of lipid membranes, and damage to DNA and RNA. - The optimal form and conditions for delivering HOCl as an antimicrobial agent are still under investigation. - HOCl has potential as a repressive drug, as it can suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species involved in inflammatory diseases. - HOCl has been used in various clinical settings, such as wound care, infection control, and oral hygiene. - Challenges of HOCl include potential toxicity, instability in the presence of organic matter, and the need for standardized protocols for production, storage, and delivery. - Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and potential side effects of HOCl. - HOCl shows promise as a safe, effective, and non-resistance antimicrobial agent for the treatment of infectious diseases.

This information is from the International Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Biochemical Technology in 2023. You can find the article at this link.

The use of hypochlorous acid as a wound cleanser has been found to be safe and effective in treating various types of pediatric and neonatal wounds, without causing any pain or discomfort.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an effective antimicrobial wound cleanser that is noncytotoxic, nontoxic if absorbed percutaneously, effective in various forms, and painless on application. - HOCl is widely used in multiple medical applications, including in dental treatment as a mouth rinse and in ophthalmology as treatment for blepharitis. - The intact, undissociated pure HOCl-based product has an excellent safety profile in wound care. - A pure HOCl solution has been proven to have maximal antimicrobial preservative properties that exceed that of the hypochlorite species largely found in the Dakin’s solution and in products that have a pH higher than approximately 5.5. - HOCl has been utilized to eliminate biofilm in chronic wounds, as an effective instillation medium for negative pressure therapy and ultrasound therapy, and in general as a cleanser for wounds that contain debris or microbes. - HOCl is safe and efficacious in wound care for neonatal and pediatric patients.

This is from Wound Management & Prevention in 2023 at https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/wmp/article/hypochlorous-acid-pediatric-wound-management-cleansing-healing-wounds

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution, even in the presence of saliva and after passing through the dental unit water line, is effective in inactivating oral pathogens and a surrogate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, making it a potential option for reducing the risk of airborne infection in dental practice.

- The HOCl solution, used at optimal concentrations and amounts, completely inactivated human oral pathogens and a surrogate virus for SARS-CoV-2 in less than 30 seconds. - The use of HOCl solution in dental treatment water and as a mouthwash could help reduce the risk of airborne infection in dental treatment. - The bactericidal effect of HOCl solution was dose-dependent and varied among different oral pathogens. - The presence of saliva reduced the bactericidal effect of HOCl solution, but using a higher volume of solution compensated for this effect. - Passing HOCl solution through dental unit waterlines required a higher volume to achieve sufficient antimicrobial effect. - The acidity and volume of HOCl solution used should be considered for optimal disinfection. - Clinical studies are needed to evaluate the patient acceptance, usability, and effectiveness of HOCl solution in actual treatments.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2023 at this link.

This study found that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution, which can be generated from electrolysis of 3% hydrochloric acid, is effective against oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus even in the presence of saliva and after passing through the dental unit water line, showing promise as a potential supplement to water and/or mouthwash to reduce the risk of airborne infection in dental practice.

- Hypochlorous acid can inactivate oral pathogens and a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2. - Hypochlorous acid has potential as a wound care agent. - Hypochlorous acid has been shown to be effective against avian influenza viruses and human norovirus. - The volume of mouthwash for rinsing can be determined for comfortable use.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9938691/.

This study found that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution, which can be generated from electrolysis of hydrochloric acid, is effective against common human oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus, even in the presence of saliva and after passing through dental unit water lines. This suggests that HOCl solution could be used as a supplement to water and/or mouthwash to reduce the risk of airborne infection in dental practice.

- Hypochlorous acid can inactivate oral pathogens and a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. - Hypochlorous acid has potential applications in wound care and disinfection. - Electrolyzed water can produce hypochlorous acid. - There are several studies evaluating the effectiveness of hypochlorous acid against viruses and bacteria. - Saliva plays a role in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9938691/.

Hypochlorous acid solutions, made from electrolyzed water, are a highly effective and safe approach to wound care for animals, as they eradicate dangerous organisms while not causing harm to cells.

- Hypochlorous acid solutions are a recent and highly effective approach to wound care. - Hypochlorous acid solutions are non-toxic to the delicate cells that heal wounds, while being lethal to almost all known dangerous bacteria and viruses that threaten health. - Hypochlorous acid also exists in the form of a hydrogel, which makes it ideal as a wound filler. - Sea salt used in HOCl solutions should be rich in minerals, containing all 84 essential trace elements that are also present in the human body.

This is from IVC Journal in 2023 at https://ivcjournal.com/hypochlorous-acid-solutions/.

A study comparing the effectiveness of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation to saline nasal irrigation in reducing allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms found that both groups showed improvement in symptoms, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. HOCl did not show any additional improvement in symptoms compared to saline nasal irrigation for patients with perennial AR.

- Low-concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation can help reduce allergic rhinitis symptoms. - HOCl has antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects without toxicity. - HOCl nasal irrigation did not show additional improvement in symptoms compared with saline nasal irrigation for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. - The study was multicenter, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled. - The study involved 139 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, but 25 did not successfully complete the study. - Participants completed the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) at every visit, and Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) was determined before and after nasal irrigation every morning and evening. - There were no significant differences in the change of TNSS between the HOCl and saline groups. - The HOCl group did not show any clinical side effects related to nasal irrigation.

This is from PubMed in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236253/.

Hypochlorous acid is a skincare ingredient with a long history of use for wound care and infections, showing promise for treating conditions like acne and atopic dermatitis, but its effectiveness in over-the-counter products may vary due to stability issues and lack of rigorous studies.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is gaining popularity in skincare but has a long history as a wound disinfectant. - It has FDA approval for various medical uses, including wound care and infection management. - HOCl is effective in reducing microbial load in wounds and may aid in wound healing. - It shows promise in treating atopic dermatitis and acne, with some studies indicating similar efficacy to traditional treatments. - Stability of HOCl is crucial for its effectiveness; environmental factors can significantly affect it. - Over-the-counter HOCl products may vary in efficacy and stability compared to prescription formulations. - More research is needed to fully understand the effectiveness and stability of OTC HOCl products.

This is from Journal of Drugs in Dermatology in 2024 at https://jddonline.com/articles/hypochlorous-acid-blast-past-S1545961624P1024X/

This article discusses the use of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as a disinfectant, its effectiveness against various microorganisms, and its potential use in dentistry, with a focus on its potential as a disinfectant against COVID-19.

- Hypochlorous acid is a powerful disinfectant that can be used to combat viruses and bacteria. - It has been shown to be effective against avian influenza virus and other pathogens. - Hypochlorous acid can be generated using specialized equipment or purchased as a pre-made solution. - It is important to follow proper safety protocols when handling hypochlorous acid to avoid injury or damage to surfaces.

This is from Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2020 at https://www.joms.org/article/S0278-2391(20)30672-8/fulltext/.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a safe and effective disinfectant that can kill a wide range of harmful germs and pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains, making it a valuable tool in infection control and healthcare settings.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a powerful disinfectant effective against various pathogens. - It is safe for human tissues and environmentally friendly, with no toxic waste disposal required. - HOCl can inactivate prions, which are resistant to conventional sterilization methods. - Stable forms of HOCl, like Brio HOCLTM, have been developed for practical use in infection control. - HOCl shows potential in healthcare settings for disinfecting surfaces and medical instruments. - Its use may help combat antibiotic resistance and improve patient care.

This is from PLoS Pathogens in 2016 at http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005914

This document is a patent for using hypohalous acids for treating inflammatory diseases and inhibiting the growth of malignancies.

- Hypohalous acid compositions can be used to prevent, alleviate, reduce, or treat inflammatory disorders and inhibit the growth of certain cancers. - These compositions inhibit the biological activities of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and other proinflammatory interleukins and chemokines in vivo. - The compositions can be administered topically, via inhalation, or systemically. - The safety of exposure to microaerosolized pure stable HOC1 via the respiratory route was evaluated in human volunteers and no serious adverse effects were recorded. - The compositions can be formulated as a liquid, gel, lotion, cream, foam, gas, frozen solid, or aerosol spray. - The compositions can be administered from 1 to 10 times per day.

This is from a patent filed on December 27, 2021, published on July 7, 2022, available at https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2022146941A1/en.

Probiotic therapy, in combination with chlorhexidine disinfection, can help reduce the severity of halitosis (bad breath) in children over longer periods of time.

- Probiotic therapy following oral disinfection with chlorhexidine may reduce the severity of halitosis over longer periods. - Mechanical and chemical oral hygiene practices alone may not significantly improve halitosis.

This is from Journal in 2023 at URL

The study analyzed the effect of steam inhalation, saline gargling, and povidone-iodine gargling on COVID-19 patients in Bangalore, and found that povidone-iodine gargling was effective in providing early test negativity, whereas saline gargling was effective in early clinical recovery.

- Povidone-iodine gargling can help in early test negativity. - Saline gargling is effective in early clinical recovery. - Steam inhalation can help in overall symptom recovery. - These interventions can be practiced safely by the public to curb the transmission of the disease and provide symptomatic improvement to patients across the globe.

This is from Indian Journal of Community Medicine in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400364/.

The study investigated the effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 probiotic on the saliva and nasopharyngeal microbiome in children attending daycare, and found that the use of S. salivarius K12 probiotic appeared to be safe and did not disrupt the normal microbiome in young children, although its impact on otopathogens in the nasopharyngeal microbiome remained uncertain.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential benefits in preventing recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in adults. - The safety of Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been assessed in various studies. - The impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on the nasopharyngeal microbiome has been investigated. - The introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines has led to a decline in invasive pneumococcal disease. - The use of PCV10 has been associated with a reduction in antimicrobial use and tympanostomy tube placements. - The intestinal microbiome of pre-school children has been found to be related to lifetime antibiotic use. - The oral and nasopharyngeal microbiota have been shown to have a loss of microbial topography in relation to the development of respiratory infections in early life. - The clinical presentation of otitis media has been studied in relation to the impact of PCV on its pathogenesis. - Next-generation sequencing technologies have been used for microbiome analysis, but caution is needed to account for potential biases in PCR amplification and sequencing.

This is from Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8043514/#

Improving ventilation in your home by bringing in fresh air, filtering the air, and improving air flow can help reduce virus particles and prevent the spread of COVID-19.

- Ventilate your home by getting fresh air into your home, filtering the air that is there, and improving air flow. - Good ventilation, along with other preventive actions, can help prevent you and others from getting and spreading COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses. - Here are some ways you can improve ventilation in your home: bring as much fresh air into your home as possible, filter the air in your home, consider using a portable air cleaner, turn on the exhaust fan in your bathroom and kitchen, use fans to improve air flow, and limit the number of visitors in your home and the time spent inside.

This is from CDC in 2023 at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/Improving-Ventilation-Home.html.

This in vitro study compared the safety and efficacy of diluted isotonic seawater and electrodialyzed seawater for nasal hygiene, and found that both solutions are safe and effective, but electrodialyzed seawater showed greater efficacy in reducing bacterial growth, suggesting that it may be a better option for nasal hygiene.

- Isotonic seawater and electrodialyzed seawater are both safe and effective for nasal hygiene. - Dead sea salt nasal irrigations are also effective for nasal hygiene. - Saline nasal irrigation can prevent symptoms of rhinitis. - Nasal decongestants in monotherapy are not effective for the common cold. - ATP is released at the apical surface of human airway epithelia and may contribute to respiratory toxicity of inhaled drugs.

This is from Medical Devices: Evidence and Research in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7726834/.

This study found that povidone-iodine nasal antiseptics rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations as low as 0.5% and contact times as short as 15 seconds, suggesting that intranasal use of povidone-iodine may help mitigate viral transmission beyond personal protective equipment.

- Povidone-iodine nasal rinse antiseptics are effective at reducing SARS-CoV-2 virus load in the nasal cavity. - Intranasal use of povidone-iodine in patients prior to intranasal procedures could significantly decrease the risk of virus transmission via droplet and aerosol spread. - Health care professionals may consider instructing patients to perform nasal decontamination with povidone-iodine prior to presenting for their procedure, which can further decrease intranasal viral load and can prevent spread in waiting areas and other common areas. - Povidone-iodine nasal irrigation may be beneficial for the population at large as an adjunct to mask usage as a means of virus mitigation.

This is from JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery in 2023 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2770785.

A study found that a seawater solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus for nasal lavage is safe and effective in improving nasal mucociliary clearance, and may have potential as a supportive therapy for acute rhinosinusitis.

- The article discusses the safety and performance evaluation of a seawater solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus for nasal lavage. - The authors explore the effects of the solution on the respiratory system, including its potential to enhance mucociliary clearance and its antibacterial properties. - The article provides a review of the relevant literature on respiratory health and the use of nasal lavage. - The authors conclude that the solution shows promise as a safe and effective tool for maintaining respiratory health.

This is from Med Devices (Auckl) in 2019 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6766585/.

The patent describes a method for inactivating highly resistant infectious microbes and proteins using an electrolyzed hypohalous acid composition that is non-toxic to humans and animals.

- Unbuffered hypohalous acid compositions can effectively inactivate highly resistant infectious microbes and proteins. - The stability of unbuffered HOBr solutions is greater than conventionally prepared HOBr solutions. - HOBr solutions can provide potent antimicrobial activity against resistant organisms. - Misted HOC1 solutions can effectively distribute sufficient HOC1 to bring about high level inactivation rates for microbial contaminants. - Repeated exposure of human dermal and mucosal epithelia to BrioHOCLTm is entirely safe and may contribute beneficially to the resolution of certain clinical conditions. - The composition can be formulated as a solution, a spray or fog or mist or aerosol of droplets, a gel, or a viscous liquid.

This is from Patent in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/CA3028984A1/en

This study investigated the effectiveness of dry fogging hypochlorous acid and hydrogen peroxide solutions in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus on environmental surfaces, finding that higher concentrations and longer contact times of the disinfectants were required to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 than influenza A virus. The results provide important information for the development of strategies to control the transmission of these viruses in public spaces.

- Dry fogging of hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution effectively inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus that had been adhered to plastic microplates. - Dry fogging is an active countermeasure against infection sources on environmental surfaces. - Dry fogging is expected to act effectively not only against the Wuhan strain and H1N1 strain tested in the present study, but also against other virus strains. - It is important to examine whether dry fogging of disinfectants inactivates viruses in a space.

This is from PLoS ONE in 2022 at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0261802.

Increasing ventilation and filtration in indoor spaces can help reduce the risk of airborne transmission of infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2, and should be considered as a fundamental part of risk reduction strategies.

- Increasing air changes per hour and air filtration can help reduce the risk of airborne transmission of respiratory infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2. - Higher ventilation and enhanced filtration are often overlooked but fundamental parts of risk reduction strategies that could have benefits beyond the current pandemic.

This is from JAMA in 2021 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779062.

Commensal bacteria in the human microbiota can contribute to the production of antibodies that cross-react with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, potentially providing a level of immunity against the virus.

- Commensal bacteria in the human microbiota can induce cross-reactive IgA antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. - Some specific commensal bacteria, like Streptococcus salivarius, can stimulate the production of cross-reactive anti-RBD antibodies. - Severely ill COVID-19 patients have reduced levels of Streptococcus and Veillonella bacteria and decreased levels of anti-RBD IgA antibodies at mucosal surfaces. - The findings suggest that certain microbial species in the human microbiota can contribute to the immune response against SARS-CoV-2.

This is from biorxiv in 2021 at Link.

The study suggests that certain bacteria in the human microbiota can induce the production of antibodies that cross-react with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, potentially providing protection against COVID-19.

• Commensal microbiota can induce cross-reactive antibody responses against the RBD domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. • Microbiota-driven interferon signals in lung stromal cells protect from influenza virus infection. • Specific microbiota enhances intestinal IgA levels by inducing TGF-beta in T follicular helper cells of Peyer's patches in mice. • HIV-1 gp120-specific monoclonal antibodies derived from colostral B cells have functions and affinity maturation. • HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity can be diverted by gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies. • SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. • Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. • Alterations in the gut microbiota are observed in patients with COVID-19 or H1N1 influenza. • Impaired humoral immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine is observed in kidney transplant recipients and dialysis patients. • Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation can be achieved. • Enterobacteriaceae species can be identified from bone marrow transplant recipients using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.

This is from bioRxiv in 2021 at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455272v1.full.

This systematic review found that drug and device studies sponsored by manufacturing companies have more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than studies sponsored by other sources, but no difference in the risk of bias.

- Industry sponsored drug and device studies have more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than studies sponsored by other sources. - There is no difference in harms results between industry and non-industry sponsored studies. - Industry sponsored studies more often had low risk of bias from blinding compared with non-industry sponsored studies.

This is from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2018 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30132025/.

This preprint reports on experiments with inhaling hypochlorous acid as a potential intervention in respiratory virus infections, including SARS CoV-2, and provides evidence that it can inactivate the virus without causing pathological changes in experimental animals and without serious adverse effects in humans exposed to the aerosol. However, the article is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed.

- Inhalation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been shown to be effective in treating COVID-19 patients and preventing the virus from spreading. - HOCl has antimicrobial properties and can inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus. - HOCl is safe for inhalation and has no adverse effects on animals or humans. - HOCl has anti-inflammatory properties and can intervene in the pathogenic pathways of COVID-19 beyond its antiviral efficacy. - HOCl can be produced in industrial quantities and readily distributed to local pharmacies and clinics without special requirements for transport or storage conditions.

This is from Research Square in 2023 at https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR411633.

The inhalation of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl(g)) at low concentrations, typically encountered during indoor disinfection, does not have a significant cytotoxic effect on human respiratory epithelial cells, according to a study using laboratory model systems.

- Inhalation of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl(g)) at low concentrations (less than 500 ppb) has no cytotoxic effect on respiratory epithelial cells. - The concentration of HOCl(g) reaching the lung pseudo-space is close to zero when the chamber concentration is less than 20.5 ppb. - HOCl(g) adsorbs on gas-contact silicone rubber surfaces, leading to its disappearance during inhalation.

This is from J Microorg Control in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37394529/ This is from J Microorg Control in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38233168/ This is from Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi in 2024 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38309959/ This is from Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser in 1993 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12616290/

Inhaling microaerosolized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been shown to effectively inactivate respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2 without causing harm to lung tissues, suggesting its potential as a safe and accessible treatment option during the pandemic.

- Inhalation of microaerosolized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) shows potential benefits in preventing and treating respiratory virus infections, including COVID-19. - HOCl rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in laboratory settings. - No adverse effects were observed in animals exposed to HOCl, indicating its safety for pulmonary use. - Human exposure to HOCl mist during the pandemic showed no serious issues, with only minor, transient effects reported. - HOCl may serve as an effective, inexpensive, and accessible method for respiratory infection prevention.

This is from Archives of Internal Medicine Research in 2023 at https://fortuneonline.org/articles/inhalation-of-microaerosolized-hypochlorous-acid-hocl-biochemical-antimicrobial-and-pathological-assessment.html

The patent describes the use of low concentration hypochlorous acid solutions to inhibit viral and bacterial activity, providing a potential solution for disinfection and disease prevention.

- A method of treating disease states associated with increased microbial activity by delivering an aqueous antiseptic solution to a patient through a vaping device. - The aqueous antiseptic solution contains hypochlorous acid heated to approximately 100-250°C and has a pH range of approximately 6.1 to 6.3. - The method involves administering atomized particles of the antiseptic solution through a mouthpiece into the upper respiratory tract for a prescribed duration. - The particles range in size from approximately 0.1 μm to 99 μm. - The method can be used to treat respiratory, ophthalmic, and cochlear illnesses caused by microbial, viral, fungal, or allergy-causing agents. - The technology described in the document is not limited to the specific embodiments mentioned and can be applied in various combinations. - The document provides priority applications, related child applications, and family applications related to the disclosed technology. - The document also includes legal events related to the patent application process.

This is from US20200281969A1 in 2024 at this link.

A study found that a hypertonic saline solution, specifically 1.2% NaCl, can inhibit the replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in lung and kidney epithelial cells, potentially offering a promising therapeutic treatment for COVID-19 patients and a means to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

- Nasal saline irrigations have benefits and safety in washing away COVID-19. - Remdesivir and Chloroquine effectively inhibit the novel coronavirus in vitro. - Laboratory biosafety guidance related to COVID-19 is available. - Clinically approved drugs capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro have been discovered. - Real-time RT-PCR can detect the 2019 Novel Coronavirus. - A novel coronavirus was identified in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. - ATP and spontaneous calcium oscillations control neural stem cell fate determination in Huntington's disease.

This is from ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. in 2022. You can find the article at this link.

This study suggests that nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline or saline with surfactant may shorten symptom duration and reduce disease burden among non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19, but caution should be taken in regards to potential viral dispersion or contamination.

- Nasal saline irrigation can reduce symptom burden in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. - Nasal congestion and headache resolved a median of 7-9 days earlier in the intervention groups. - Hypertonic nasal saline irrigations are a safe and inexpensive intervention to reduce symptom burden.

This is from Journal 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7722064/.

The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis 2021 provides evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of rhinosinusitis, along with a comprehensive management algorithm.

- The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR-RS) has made foundational progress in understanding and treating rhinologic disease. - ICAR-RS-2021 covers over 180 topics in the forms of evidence-based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence-based reviews, and literature reviews. - ICAR-RS-2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS. - A comprehensive evidence-based management algorithm is provided.

This is from International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology in 2021 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33236525/.

Intranasal drug delivery has potential relevance for future clinical trials in the settings of disease spread prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases, but further research is needed to ensure safety and efficacy.

- Intranasal drug delivery has been studied for many years. - Several agents have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. - Intranasal drug delivery has potential relevance for future clinical trials in the settings of disease spread prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases. - Intranasal drug delivery represents an important area of research for COVID-19 and other viral diseases. - The consideration of any potential adverse reactions is paramount.

This is from Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery in 2023 at https://aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1177/0194599820933170.

Intranasal lavage with hypochlorous acid may safely reduce symptoms in ambulatory patients with COVID-19, according to a study exploring its effectiveness as a therapeutic intervention.

- Intranasal lavage with hypochlorous acid solution may safely reduce symptoms in ambulatory patients with COVID-19. - Hypochlorous acid is effective in vitro and in vivo against viruses. - Hypochlorous acid is naturally produced by activated neutrophils and is FDA-approved as a preservative. - Hypochlorous acid cleansers are non-cytotoxic and have been used in wound care. - The study demonstrated the safe use of hypochlorous acid solution for intranasal lavage in COVID-19 positive patients. - Mild adverse reactions include nasal burning sensation, mild self-limited epistaxis, and metallic taste. - No patients required mechanical ventilation or died during the study. - Further research is needed to understand the value and larger clinical strategy of hypochlorous acid nasal lavage for COVID-19.

This is from medRxiv in 2023 at URL

This literature review explores the potential effectiveness of intranasal therapies, including xylitol, grapefruit seed extract, povidone-iodine, and corticosteroids, in reducing the viral activity of COVID-19 in the nasal pathway and potentially limiting disease transmission, severity, and complications.

- Intranasal administration of antiviral and virucidal therapies may be a novel strategy to provide an added clinical benefit to COVID-19 treatment. - Using nasal spray with antiviral properties has promising efficiency and safety in the treatment and prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2. - Surfactant based gargle and spray can entrap viruses entering through the mouth, nose, and eyes and therefore, may play a vital role in prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2. - Low pH of acid buffered/hypertonic saline can reduce the amount of viral shedding during the acute viral shedding symptoms. - All therapeutics reviewed in this review can be used in the outpatient setting, and therefore could potentially provide more outpatient-based interventions for COVID-19 infection. - Intranasal administration of antiviral and virucidal therapies decrease the viral activity in the nasal pathway, thus preventing disease transmission, expedite recovery of mild-moderate COVID-19 patients, decrease severity of symptoms, reduce hospitalizations and mortality. - Further clinical research is needed as application of these agents may not only be limited to the current COVID-19 pandemic, but also for future epidemics and pandemics.

This is from J Allergy Infect Dis 2021; 2(1) at *https://probiologists.com/Uploads/Articles/11_637497463703161509.pdf*

A study published in the European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology found that Stérimar Nasal Hygiene, a diluted seawater-based solution, is safe and effective in enhancing mucociliary clearance and wound healing in the nasal cavity, thus supporting the evidence that regular nasal irrigation with isotonic saline solutions is beneficial for maintaining nasal hygiene and reducing the occurrence of sinonasal conditions.

- An isotonic diluted seawater solution (SNH) is safe on nasal epithelial cells and effective on enhancing the rate of mucociliary clearance and speed of wound healing in the nasal cavity. - Regular nasal irrigation with isotonic saline solutions is beneficial for maintaining the hygiene of the nose which, in turn, may reduce the occurrence of episodes of various sinonasal conditions.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-020-06527-1.

Using a neti pot can be risky due to the potential for a brain-eating amoeba called Naegleria fowleri to infect the brain, but this risk is rare and can be avoided by using sanitized water and saline packets as directed.

- Neti pots are safe to use as long as you follow the directions and use sanitized water and saline packets as directed. - The risk of transmission of brain-eating amoeba by neti pot is exceedingly rare. - The real benefit of nasal saline is constantly washing allergens away, which is cheaper than most over-the-counter anti-allergy medicines.

This is from The Atlantic in 2017 at https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/will-my-neti-pot-kill-me/524358/.

Neti pots are an effective, non-pharmacologic method to clear mucus and debris from the nose, but it is important to use boiled or distilled water and to follow instructions to ensure safety.

- Neti pots are a type of nasal irrigation that can help treat congested sinuses, colds, and allergies. - Neti pots are safe to use when used as directed, but tap water should not be used. - Neti pots are effective in clearing mucus and debris from the nose, and can help alleviate allergy symptoms. - Nasal irrigation is generally recommended over saline sprays, except for treating dryness in the nostrils or front part of the nose.

This is from Prevention in 2023 at https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a39826346/do-neti-pots-work-nasal-irrigation/.

Nasal saline irrigation appears to have small clinical benefits for treating sinonasal diseases, and further studies are needed to optimize its efficacy.

- Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) has demonstrated improvement in symptoms as well as reduction in the use of rescue medications such as systemic corticosteroids when used as an adjunct or as sole treatment. - NSI is usually well tolerated with minimal side effects. - The exact mechanism(s) of action of NSI are not clearly understood, but it may enhance the movement of mucus toward the nasopharynx, directly clean the nasal mucosa, and aid in thinning nasal secretions. - NSI is recommended for a variety of sinonasal conditions, including allergic rhinitis (AR), atrophic rhinitis, rhinitis of pregnancy, viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), CRS, acute rhinosinusitis, sinonasal sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and as a postoperative adjunct after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). - Overall, the data appear to demonstrate some small clinical benefit to nasal saline irrigation. Further definitive studies are needed to optimize efficacy.

This is from International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology in 2012 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S108112061200316X

Nasal irrigation devices like neti pots are generally safe and effective when used properly, but it is important to use only distilled, sterile, or boiled water to avoid infection and to follow the instructions for use and care, and make sure the device fits the age of the person using it; symptoms worsening or other concerns should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

- Nasal irrigation devices, including neti pots, can help treat congested sinuses, colds, and allergies. - Improper use of nasal irrigation devices can increase the risk of infection. - Only rinse with distilled, sterile, or previously boiled water. - Follow instructions for use and care of the device. - Nasal irrigation can remove dust, pollen, and other debris and relieve nasal symptoms. - Talk to a healthcare provider before using nasal irrigation if your immune system isn't working properly. - Make sure the device fits the age of the person using it. - Report problems with nasal rinsing devices to the FDA's MedWatch Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program.

This is from FDA Consumer Updates in 2023 at https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/rinsing-your-sinuses-neti-pots-safe.

This article explains the differences between isotonic and hypertonic saline sinus rinse solutions and which one may work best for individuals, with the recommendation to consult with a physician prior to using a hypertonic rinse and to rinse off the irrigator tip, bottle, or net pot with hot water and soap after each use to prevent bacterial growth.

- Both isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions wash germs, allergens, and other pollutants out of the sinuses. - Hypertonic solutions may be helpful for congestion or runny nose, but many patients experience a burning sensation when they use hypertonic solutions. - Isotonic saline solutions restore moisture to your sinus passages and reduce irritation and burning sometimes associated with other saline solutions. - The temperature of the water used for saline sinus rinse should be pleasantly warm, roughly matching your body temperature. - Rinse off your irrigator tip, bottle, or net pot with hot water and soap after each use to prevent bacterial growth.

This is from AchooAllergy in 2022 at https://www.achooallergy.com/blog/learning/isotonic-vs-hypertonic-which-saline-sinus-rinse-works-best-for-you/.

A large study suggests that bacteria that cause gum disease may be associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, especially vascular dementia, but further research is needed to confirm the relationship and whether treating infections can reduce the development or symptoms of dementia.

- Bacteria that cause gum disease are associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. - Gum disease results from infection of the oral tissues holding teeth in place. - Bacteria and the inflammatory molecules they make can travel from infections in the mouth through the bloodstream to the brain. - Older adults with signs of gum disease and mouth infections at baseline were more likely to develop Alzheimer’s during the study period. - Clinical trials are needed to test whether treating infections with P. gingivalis can reduce the development or symptoms of dementia.

This is from Journal of Alzheimer's Disease in 2020 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32280099/.

This article discusses the effects of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on mammalian cells, including its role in killing pathogens and its potential to cause tissue injury and inflammation. It also explores how HOCl interacts with different cell components and describes the outcomes of exposure to different doses of HOCl. The article concludes by highlighting recent research indicating that HOCl may activate cell signaling pathways, providing important information on the role of this oxidant in inflammation.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a reactive oxidant produced by the immune system to kill invading pathogens. - HOCl can also damage mammalian cells, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. - Exposure to HOCl can lead to cell death, apoptosis, or growth arrest. - HOCl has been implicated in various diseases, including atherosclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. - Researchers have studied the effects of HOCl on different types of cells, including red blood cells, endothelial cells, and heart muscle cells.

This is from IUBMB Life in 2000 at https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/713803731.

The use of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing and wearing face masks, was effective in reducing the spread of Covid-19 infections, according to a report from the Royal Society, which reviewed the evidence gathered during the pandemic for six groups of interventions and their effectiveness in reducing transmission.

- Lockdowns and face masks "unequivocally" reduced the spread of Covid-19. - Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were effective in reducing transmission when applied in packages that combine a number of measures that complement one another. - Social distancing and lockdowns were the most effective category of NPIs. - Face masks and mask mandates were an effective approach to reduce infection. - Higher-quality respirator masks such as N95 masks were more effective than surgical-type masks. - Test, trace and isolate measures found reductions in Covid-19 deaths. - Establishing international protocols for conducting clinical trials and observational research on NPIs in advance of further pandemics is recommended.

This is from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A in 2023 at https://royalsocietypublishing.org/toc/rsta/381/2200.

This study investigated the long-term dynamics of periodontitis progression and its connection to dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, showing that ecological principles can define dysbiosis and explain the evolution and outcomes of specific microbial communities, which could better explain the evolution and outcomes of specific microbial communities in the oral cavity.

- The study investigated the long-term dynamics of the human oral microbiome during clinical disease progression. - Taxonomic profiling was performed using Kraken2 and Bracken against a custom 16S rRNA dabatase for the oral microbiome extracted from the HOMD database and the UNITE database for fungal ITS sequences. - The study found that the oral microbiome is dynamic and changes over time, and that different sites within the mouth have different microbial communities. - The study also found that certain bacterial species were associated with periodontitis progression, and that ecological networks of microbial communities can be reconstructed from data abundance. - The study used various statistical methods to analyze the data, including volatility analysis, PCoA, and ARIMA forecasting.

This is from BMC Biology in 2023 at https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-021-01169-z.

This study found that low-concentration hypochlorous acid nasal irrigation can be an effective adjunct therapy for chronic sinusitis symptoms.

- Low-concentration hypochlorous acid nasal irrigation can be a useful adjuvant therapy for chronic sinusitis. - Nasal saline irrigation is a simple, inexpensive, and generally well-tolerated treatment with very few side effects or risks. - The appropriate application of medical therapies for chronic sinusitis is necessary to optimize patient quality of life (QoL) and daily functioning, and minimize the risk of acute inflammatory exacerbations. - The bacterial culture rates were lower in the HOCl group than in the placebo group after 4 weeks of treatment, although the difference was not statistically significant. - The present study analyzed the efficacy of nasal irrigation using low-concentration HOCl for the patients with CRS refractory to medical therapy.

This is from International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology in 2017 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27853946/.

The article discusses a new class of drugs called immunomodulatory antimicrobials (IAs) that have both pathogen-directed and host-directed pharmacology and are more suitable for pandemic preparedness research than traditional antivirals. The author argues that the magic shield paradigm of immunomodulatory drugs that target the host immune system instead of a specific pathogen must supersede the magic bullet paradigm of traditional antimicrobial development to address antimicrobial resistance and emerging infectious diseases.

- Nitazoxanide/azithromycin combination and NSAIDs and Kelleni’s protocol are potential treatments for COVID-19. - Glucocorticoids and azithromycin are used in the therapy of COVID-19. - Nitazoxanide is superior to placebo to treat moderate COVID-19. - Niclosamide is a promising treatment for COVID-19. - Silver nanoparticles have broad-spectrum bioactivities. - There is a need for pan-pathogen antimicrobials. - Network pharmacology reveals multitarget mechanism of action of drugs to be repurposed for COVID-19.

This is from Emerging Microbes & Infections in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9897060/.

Saline irrigations for the nose and sinuses can be an effective way to improve allergy symptoms and shorten the duration of a sinus infection, but it is important to speak to a doctor before using them and stop using if any pain or other problems occur.

- Saline irrigations can be highly effective in improving allergy symptoms and shortening the duration of a sinus infection. - Irrigating the sinuses can help prevent recurring sinusitis. - Salt itself has a property of preventing bacteria from growing. - During an acute sinus infection, rinsing the sinuses 2 to 3 times per day is effective. - Using saline irrigations can help decrease the bacteria count inside the nose and sinuses.

This is from Baylor College of Medicine Blog in 2014 at https://blogs.bcm.edu/2014/08/20/saline-irrigation-offers-natural-option-for-sinus-infection-allergy-relief/.

Masks and respirators are effective tools for reducing the spread of respiratory infections, according to recent scientific reviews.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00124-23

Mayo Clinic research has found that wearing masks and maintaining physical distance are effective ways to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

- Masks are effective in reducing droplet transmission and are critically important for protecting yourself and the people around you. - Disposable paper medical masks and two-layer cloth masks were effective in reducing droplet transmission and there was no difference between mask types in terms of how well they blocked aerosol particles emitted by the wearer. - Physical separation reduces the exposure of respiratory droplets and 6 feet separation reduces particle counts to near baseline levels. - Additional measures to reduce the risk of transmission include frequent hand washing, use of hand sanitizer before and after meals, after removing masks, and honoring posted room capacities in busy areas.

This is from Mayo Clinic News Network in 2023 at https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-research-confirms-critical-role-of-masks-in-preventing-covid-19-infection/.

The article argues for a health-centric approach to the treatment of lifestyle disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegeneration, which recognizes these disorders as responses to a singular, lifestyle-induced disease of mitochondria dysfunction, and advocates for metabolic strategies, such as fasting and carbohydrate-restricted diets, to restore mitochondria function as a means of mitigating the impetus that underlies and drives these disorders.

- A carbohydrate-restricted diet can have rapid metabolic benefits on hepatic steatosis in humans. - Nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction can improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in type 2 diabetes patients. - A low-carbohydrate diet can improve glycaemic control, small, dense low-density lipoprotein, and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients. - A very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet can have a middle and long-term impact on cardiometabolic factors. - A ketogenic diet is protective against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. - A ketogenic diet may have potential therapeutic benefits in cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. - Financial conflicts of interest can influence research outcomes and reporting.

This is from Aging Dis. in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9116908/.

This document is a patent for a method of producing shelf-stable hypochlorous acid solutions and includes information on the inventor, assignees, and relevant chemical compounds.

- The method for producing a shelf stable hypochlorous acid solution involves treating softened water through a reverse osmosis system and electrolyzing the saline process solution. - The white opaque PET containers contribute significantly to the enhanced shelf life of hypochlorous acid. - The more concentrated solutions of hypochlorous acid are even more suitable for long-term storage in white opaque PET bottles. - The hypochlorous acid solution can be used as a biocide for various applications, such as fracking water treatment, produced water treatment, and hospital disinfectant.

This is from US Patent in 2015 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150119245A1/en

The method described in this document utilizes acidic electrolyzed water to effectively remediate mold and mildew in infected areas, whether through high-pressure washing, misting, or electrostatic spraying.

- Acidic electrolyzed water can be used to remediate mold and mildew. - It can be applied using high pressure washing, cold misting or fogging, electrostatic spraying, or air duct cleaning. - The acidic electrolyzed water has specific properties, such as oxidative/reduction potential and pH, and contains hypochlorous acid. - The method has been tested and found to be safe for skin and vaginal mucosal tissue. - The invention is described in a patent document.

This is from US Patent 7445800B2 granted in 2008. You can find the full text of the patent here.

This patent describes a method for stabilizing an electrochemically generated sanitizing solution to maintain a predetermined level of free available chlorine and pH.

This is from Patent in 2014 at https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2014179692A1/en

This patent describes a method of preventing or treating respiratory virus infections by administering a composition comprising a homogeneous hypohalous acid solution that modifies surface receptor binding domains of virus surface proteins and inhibits their capacity to interact with host cell receptors.

- Hypohalous acids can modify virus receptor binding domains and inhibit their capacity to interact with host cell receptors, potentially preventing or treating respiratory virus infections. - Pure, stable, authenticated hypohalous acid solutions can be administered to subjects via various methods, including inhalation and topical application. - The safety of exposure to hypohalous acid solutions has been evaluated in experimental animals and human subjects, with no serious adverse effects recorded. - The method described in the document has potential applications for preventing or treating various respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses.

This is from patent in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2022256673A1/en

This article discusses the importance of effective cleaning and disinfection in healthcare facilities and explores new technologies and disinfectants that have potential to improve infection prevention practices.

- Manual cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities are essential elements of infection prevention programs. - Continued efforts to improve the quality and consistency of traditional cleaning and disinfection practices are needed. - Adoption of modern technologies is indicated to supplement traditional methods. - Further research into the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of newer technologies, and when to best apply them, is needed.

This is from Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control in 2016 at https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-016-0111-x.

Mucosal immunization with the ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine significantly reduces the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among hamsters, highlighting its potential effectiveness in preventing community spread of the virus.

This is from Science Advances in 2024 at https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp1290

N-chlorotaurine is a safe and effective solution that can help fight respiratory viruses like COVID-19, influenza, and RSV by quickly reducing their infectious particles.

- N-chlorotaurine (NCT) shows strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV. - Effective in reducing viral particles significantly within minutes. - Works well even in the presence of organic materials, enhancing its effectiveness. - Safe for inhalation with minimal side effects. - Potential for use as a treatment for viral respiratory infections without needing specific diagnostics.

This is from Emerging Microbes & Infections in 2025 at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9132425/

This research article discusses the potential use of nasal disinfectants to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. The article summarizes eight potential chemo-preventive agents and their mechanisms of action, but notes that no treatment has yet been tested against SARS-CoV-2 in randomized controlled clinical trials.

- This article is a review of potential chemo-preventive agents for COVID-19. - The article discusses various studies on the effectiveness of different agents, including chloroquine, lactoferrin, and interferon-alpha. - The article also discusses the importance of disinfecting the nasal cavity to prevent the spread of COVID-19. - The article provides a list of references for further reading.

This is from International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7434367/.

Cleaning your nose daily through nasal irrigation is important to remove mucus, dust, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and the only effective way to do so is by using a package of 3-ounce disposable cups and a salt shaker with a snap lid to irrigate your nose with salt water.

- Nasal hygiene is important to prevent sickness. - Nasal irrigation is the only effective way to clean your nose. - Use a disposable cup and a salt shaker to make a saline solution. - Too much or too little salt in the water will burn your nose. - Bend over the sink, put your nose in the cup, and sniff. - Blow your nose forcefully several times. - Get all the water out of your nose.

This is from BMJ in 2014 at https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5703/rr/778443.

This medical advisory blog post recommends using saline solution to irrigate the nasal passages in adults experiencing congestion caused by allergies, irritation, or infection, and provides steps for performing a nasal cleanse and a recipe for homemade saline solution.

- Using a saline solution to irrigate the nasal passages may help improve symptoms associated with rhinitis. - Rinses can be performed up to three times daily, if necessary, but the frequency should be decreased if nasal irritation or dryness occurs. - Homemade saline solution can be made with specified ingredients and amounts.

This is from Familiprix in 2023 at https://www.familiprix.com/en/articles/nasal-hygiene-in-adults.

Keeping your nose clean through nasal washing is essential for maintaining optimal health as it protects against infections, diseases, and sicknesses by clearing out mucus, crusts, germs, and other pollutants from your nose, and it should be done once in the morning and again in the evening.

- Nasal hygiene is important for conditioning the air we breathe and for maintaining a disease-free body. - Nasal hygiene involves keeping your nasal passages clean, clear, and moisturized. - A clear nasal passage protects you and helps you sleep better. - Nasal washing using saltwater or saline spray is the most recommended way of keeping your nose clean. - You should clean your nose once in the morning and again in the evening.

This is from Health Shots in 2023 at https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/nasal-hygiene-why-is-cleaning-your-nose-daily-important-for-overall-health/.

This study suggests that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation (HSNI) may be an effective adjunctive treatment for chronic sinus symptoms, as well as for symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis, asthma, or nasal polyposis, but further research is needed to confirm these findings.

- Nasal irrigation with saline solution may help alleviate symptoms of chronic sinus conditions. - Several studies have shown positive results in using nasal irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and nasal polyposis. - Nasal irrigation can be done with hypertonic saline solution or isotonic saline solution. - Nasal irrigation is generally safe and well-tolerated. - Nasal irrigation may be used as an adjunct therapy for chronic sinus conditions.

This is from WMJ in 2008 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755042/.

This study suggests that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation may be an effective treatment for chronic sinus symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma, and nasal polyposis.

- Saline nasal irrigation is an adjunctive therapy for rhinosinusitis and sinus symptoms. - Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation (HSNI) may be effective for symptoms associated with allergy, asthma, and nasal polyposis. - Patients with frequent rhinosinusitis and daily sinus symptoms, symptoms of concomitant allergic rhinitis, asthma, or polyposis may improve with HSNI. - Larger prospective studies are needed in patients with these diagnoses.

This is from PubMed in 2008 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18593081/

This study suggests that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation may be effective in improving symptoms related to allergy, asthma, or nasal polyposis in patients with frequent rhinosinusitis and daily sinus symptoms.

- Saline nasal irrigation is an adjunctive therapy for rhinosinusitis and sinus symptoms. - Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation (HSNI) may be effective for symptoms associated with allergy, asthma, and nasal polyposis. - Patients with frequent rhinosinusitis and daily sinus symptoms, symptoms of concomitant allergic rhinitis, asthma, or polyposis may improve with HSNI. - HSNI is an effective adjunctive treatment for symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. - Larger prospective studies are needed in patients with these diagnoses.

This is from PubMed in 2008 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18593081/.

Nasal irrigation is a safe and effective method for managing sinus problems, and while there is some evidence that it may reduce the duration and severity of COVID-19, it is too soon to say whether it is effective in preventing or lessening the risk of infection.

- Nasal irrigation is a safe and inexpensive treatment that can be performed at home. - Nasal irrigation is effective at managing a range of sinus problems. - There is some evidence that nasal irrigation may be helpful for people who are already infected with SARS-CoV-2. - It may reduce the duration of illness, and also may reduce the amount of virus that someone sheds.

This is from Connect UCLA Health in 2022 at https://connect.uclahealth.org/2022/03/28/nasal-irrigation-may-help-wont-hurt-with-covid-19/.

Nasal irrigation, an ancient practice of upper respiratory care, has been found to be effective in treating acute and chronic sinonasal conditions, but further research is needed to standardize methods and determine the best solutions, devices, and durations of treatment in order to be widely considered in treatment guidelines.

- Nasal irrigation is a medical procedure that is not well defined. - Saline irrigation can help with chronic sinonasal symptoms and after endoscopic sinus surgery. - Pulsatile nasal irrigation can help with the prognosis of functional endoscopic sinus surgery. - Saline irrigation can be an adjunctive treatment for allergic rhinitis and can reduce medication use in children. - Hypertonic saline nasal spray can improve symptoms and quality of life in persistent allergic rhinitis. - Saline solutions can impact mucociliary activity in various nasal pathologies. - Peak nasal inspiratory flow reference values can be used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

This is from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2017 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451967/.

This journal article reviews the evidence-based literature on nasal irrigation, concluding that large-volume low-pressure nasal irrigation using undiluted seawater seems to be the most effective protocol for treating numerous sinonasal pathologies and postoperative care.

- Nasal irrigation is a technique that involves flushing the nasal passages with a saline solution. - Nasal irrigation can help to relieve symptoms of nasal congestion, sinusitis, and allergies. - There is evidence to suggest that nasal irrigation can improve mucociliary clearance, reduce inflammation, and improve symptoms. - Nasal irrigation is generally safe and well-tolerated, but it may cause side effects in some people. - Nasal irrigation can be performed using a variety of devices, including neti pots, squeeze bottles, and nasal irrigators.

This is from Journal in Year at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879729615001003.

Nasal lavage, or nasal irrigation, is a better way to relieve nasal and sinus symptoms caused by hay fever, allergies, or sinus infections, as it removes allergens and pockets of infection, moisturizes the nasal lining, and makes it easier to breathe. Neilmed Sinus Rinse is an effective nasal irrigation device that holds 240 ml of liquid and delivers the solution with low but adequate pressure into the nasal passages, allowing for a thorough cleansing job.

- Blowing your nose can create a build-up of excess pressure in the sinus cavities. - Nasal lavage gets rid of any allergy-provoking material in your nose, clears your nose and makes it easier to breathe, moisturizes your nasal lining, and feels refreshing. - Effective nasal irrigation devices must have the capacity to hold a large volume of saline solution, the ability to deliver the solution with low but adequate pressure into the nasal passages, and the saline solution must travel up the nasal passage and out through the other nostril. - Neilmed Sinus Rinse ticks all the boxes for success.

This is from Laryngoscope in 2000 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10764089/. This is from the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in 1998 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9802361/.

This study found that there are differences in the nasal microbiome between COVID-19 positive and negative individuals, with a reduction in the abundance of Corynebacterium associated with anosmia, a common symptom of COVID-19. Further research is needed to establish the relationship between nasal microbiota and COVID-19 clinical features.

- The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract may play a role in COVID-19 severity and anosmia. - Gut microbiome alterations have also been observed in COVID-19 patients. - The loss of bacterial diversity in the sinuses may be associated with milder smell discrimination scores. - The nasal microbiome may mirror and shape olfactory function. - The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been highlighted. - Severe COVID-19 is associated with an altered upper respiratory tract microbiome. - The microbiota may be a potentially modifiable factor influencing COVID-19.

This is from BMC Infectious Diseases in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9802018/.

Nasal saline irrigation is a beneficial low-risk treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis, but evidence is limited regarding the most optimal delivery method and saline composition.

- Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) is a common treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). - NSI is a safe and effective treatment option for CRS. - High-volume, low-pressure devices are the most common method of administration. - More evidence is required to determine the efficacy of this treatment. - Contamination should be avoided and providers should thoroughly educate patients on NSI hygiene recommendations.

This is from International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology in 2023 at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/alr.22330.

Saline nasal irrigation is a useful addition to the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis, but its efficacy in acute rhinosinusitis is limited and still under investigation.

- Saline nasal irrigation (SNI) is a useful addition for treating chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) symptoms. - SNI use in acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) therapy is controversial and has limited efficacy. - Nasal douches are recommended for both CRS and ARS, along with isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions in CRS (in ARS to a limited extent). - To prevent infections, it is essential to clean the nasal douche thoroughly and use the proper salt concentration (2-3.5%).

This is from PubMed in 2013 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354530/

Nasal sprays are being explored as a promising alternative method for preventing and treating COVID-19 due to their potential for easy administration and effective mucosal immunity.

This is from Pharmacol Rep. in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9969373/.

Nasal sprays are being explored as a potential method for preventing and treating COVID-19, as they offer advantages such as needle-free administration, self-administration, and ease of use, and can target the upper respiratory tract where the virus initially invades. However, further research and clinical trials are needed to determine their effectiveness.

This is from PMC in 2023. You can find the article here.

Nasal therapy could play a crucial role in preventing and treating COVID-19 by targeting the virus at its main entry point in the nose, complementing traditional vaccines.

This is from PLoS Pathog in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8612505/

In a randomized controlled trial, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal rinses with neutral electrolyzed water reduced the risk of COVID-19 infection among front-line healthcare professionals, providing an effective and safe additional protective measure.

- Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal rinses with neutral electrolyzed water can prevent COVID-19 in front-line health professionals. - Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care can be safe and effective in treating COVID-19. - The ACE2 receptor, which is the entry point for SARS-CoV-2, is highly expressed in the oral mucosa. - Nasal irrigations may be beneficial for non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19. - The viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples can be used for virological assessment of infected patients. - Male sex is identified as a risk factor for severe outcomes of COVID-19. - Comorbidities have a deleterious impact on COVID-19 patients. - Proper protection procedures and preventions are crucial in healthcare settings for nursing personnel. - There are myths surrounding the use of saline solutions for COVID-19 prevention.

This is from Biomed Rep in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8719325/

Nasopharyngeal wash using hypertonic saline gargles and nasal wash may be useful in preventing and treating upper respiratory tract infections, including COVID-19, and further research is needed to evaluate its effectiveness.

- Nasopharyngeal wash can help prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infections. - There is no financial support or conflict of interest related to this research. - Saline nasal irrigation can be effective in treating chronic rhinosinusitis and acute viral rhinitis. - Gargling with hypertonic saline or green tea can help prevent upper respiratory tract infections. - Chloride ions can augment the antiviral innate immune response in non-myeloid cells. - Two outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in nursing homes were associated with rhinovirus. - SARS-CoV-2 can remain stable on surfaces for a period of time.

This is from Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7353928/.

A randomized pilot controlled trial found that nasopharyngeal washes with normal saline 0.9% significantly decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, suggesting that nasal washes could potentially reduce serious complications of COVID-19.

- Nasopharyngeal wash with normal saline can decrease SARS-CoV-2 viral load. - Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling can combat asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. - SARS-CoV-2 transmitters have more than three times higher viral loads than non-transmitters. - SARS-CoV-2 viral load predicts COVID-19 mortality. - The cycle threshold value can be used to interpret SARS-CoV-2 test results.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9556252/.

This book explores the use of the neti pot, a tool for nasal irrigation from the ancient traditions of yoga and Ayurveda, which can help alleviate nasal congestion, sinus allergies, headaches, and other health problems.

This is from Archive in 2023 at https://archive.org/details/netihealingsecre0000fraw.

Nasal irrigation, an ancient practice which involves rinsing the sinuses with salt-water solutions, can be an effective way to reduce sinus inflammation and prevent sinus infections, as long as proper safety guidelines are followed.

- Nasal irrigation can be an effective way to ease sinus inflammation and help prevent recurrent sinus infections. - Nasal irrigation is a type of personal hygiene that can be beneficial for sinus health. - Nasal irrigation works by the mechanical action of the liquid pouring into the sinuses that helps soften and ultimately dislodge some of the mucus lining. - It is crucial to rinse or irrigate the sinuses safely by using only distilled or boiled water and properly cleaning the device used to insert the water. - Adding salt to the nasal rinse can feel better since nasal passages are naturally salty. - There are several ways to get the water into the passages behind your nose, including using a squirt bottle, a pump designed for this purpose, or a vessel with a long spout called a neti pot.

This is from Everyday Health in 2023 at https://www.everydayhealth.com/sinus-infection/irrigating-your-sinuses-with-neti-pots-nose-sprays/.

Electrolyzed water (EW) is a novel disinfectant that has been widely used for several years and has shown potential significance in high-risk clinical settings, wound healing, and dental clinics. It is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, with advantages such as being on-the-spot, cheap, environmentally friendly, and safe for human beings.

- Electrolyzed water shows potential for various applications, including disinfection and decontamination. - It has been found effective against microbial loads and quality of fresh fruits. - Electrolyzed water has shown promise in managing dental caries and oral health. - It has demonstrated antimicrobial properties and effectiveness against oral pathogens. - Electrolyzed water has been used for cleaning and disinfection in hospitals and care homes. - It has been effective in inactivating viruses and bacteria. - Electrolyzed water has been studied for its potential in food safety and meat and seafood product quality. - It has shown efficacy in decontaminating surfaces and water lines. - Electrolyzed water has been explored for its potential in environmental sterilization and air disinfection. - It has been studied for its impact on the spread and increase of COVID-19.

This is from Microorganisms in 2021. Link

This review article explores the potential clinical applications of electrolyzed water, including its use in oral health interventions, disinfection of hospital surfaces, and decontamination of animal transport vehicles, highlighting the efficacy of electrolyzed water against various pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus.

- Electrolyzed water has been shown to have antimicrobial properties and can be used for disinfection in various settings, including dental units, hospitals, and animal transport vehicles. - Some studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of electrolyzed water in inactivating viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus and Newcastle disease virus. - Electrolyzed water has also been shown to be effective in reducing the prevalence of oral opportunistic pathogens and caries risk in children. - There is potential for the use of electrolyzed water in ensuring the safety and quality of meat and seafood products.

This is from Microorganisms in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7827692/.

The article explores the potential link between low levels of nitric oxide and increased severity of COVID-19, suggesting that nitric oxide may play a crucial role in both respiratory health and the outcomes of COVID-19 infections.

This is from Med Sci (Basel) in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8788438/

The key takeaway of this article is that maintaining an open and clean nose is essential for overall respiratory health and can significantly impact quality of life.

- An "open and clean nose" contributes to subjective wellness. - Nasal function significantly affects quality of life. - Nasal resistance and allergic inflammation depend on allergen type. - Nasal irrigation can be used as an ancillary treatment for acute rhinosinusitis. - Nasal cytology is a precision medicine tool in clinical practice. - Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression is found on nasal epithelial cells in acute rhinoconjunctivitis caused by pollen exposure. - Quality of life in allergic rhinitis is related to clinical, immunological, and functional aspects.

This is from Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6502079/

Oral bacteriotherapy, as a complementary treatment, showed potential benefits in reducing mortality rates in severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients, according to a retrospective cohort study.

- Oral bacteriotherapy may be beneficial for patients with COVID-19. - The gut-lung microbiota axis and high-fiber diet with probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection. - The commensal microbiota plays a role in viral infections. - Hypoalbuminemia, coagulopathy, and vascular disease are associated with COVID-19.

This is from Front. Nutr., 11 January 2021, at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.613928.

Tongue scraping and brushing have been practiced for centuries in various cultures, and recent research has shown that it is important for oral hygiene as plaque-forming streptococcal counts increase tenfold after a week of not brushing the tongue.

- Tongue scraping and brushing have been practiced for centuries in many parts of the world. - Tongue scrapers have been made of various materials throughout history. - Recent scientific research has renewed interest in tongue cleaning. - Evidence has shown that plaque-forming streptococcal counts increased tenfold after a week of not brushing the tongue.

This is from Acta Odontologica Scandinavica in 2017 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002817716304536?via%3Dihub.

The oral microbiome, consisting of diverse bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, plays a crucial role in oral health and overall well-being.

- The human oral microbiome plays a significant role in oral health and disease. - Metagenomic sequencing can reveal the composition and functional potential of the oral microbiota associated with periodontal disease. - Genomic DNA amplification techniques, such as multiple displacement amplification, can be used to amplify DNA from a single bacterium. - High-resolution transcriptomics can be used to study bacterial metabolism during infection. - Deep sequencing of the oral microbiome can identify signatures of periodontal disease. - Metatranscriptomics can provide insights into the gene expression dynamics of the oral microbiome during health and disease. - Metaproteomics is a new approach for studying the functional microbial ecology of the oral microbiome. - Salivary biomarkers show promise for the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. - Metabolomics can reveal elevated macromolecular degradation in periodontal disease. - Bioinformatic tools, such as Oral Card, can be used to study the oral proteome.

This is from AIMS Microbiol. in 2018. Link

The oral microbiome plays a significant role in COVID-19 infection and its severity, highlighting the importance of maintaining a balanced oral microbiota for overall health and immune response.

- Probiotics may have potential benefits in preventing and treating COVID-19. - The oral microbiome plays a role in respiratory infections. - Gut microbiota composition may reflect disease severity and immune responses in COVID-19 patients. - There is an association between periodontitis (gum disease) and the severity of COVID-19 infection. - Probiotics have immunomodulatory effects and may help improve immune responses. - Probiotics have antiviral activity and may help prevent viral infections. - Probiotics may have a beneficial effect on respiratory tract infections. - Probiotics have been studied in the context of COVID-19 and show promise as a complementary therapeutic strategy. - Probiotics may help modulate the gut-lung axis and reduce inflammation in COVID-19. - Probiotics have been shown to have positive effects on oral health. - Probiotics have been studied in the context of COVID-19 transmission and prevention. - Probiotics may have a positive impact on the immune system and nutritional status in COVID-19 patients. - Probiotics may have potential antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. - Probiotics have been investigated as a preventive and treatment strategy for COVID-19. - Probiotics may have a role in mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection. - Probiotics may have potential benefits in hypertension and angiotensin receptor-blocking drugs. - Targeting the microbiome may be an alternative strategy for fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection. - Diet supplementation, probiotics, and nutraceuticals have been explored in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. - Viral symptoms in children and SARS-CoV-2 are relevant for pediatric dentists.

This is from Vojnosanitetski pregled 2023 Volume 80, Issue 4, Pages: 289-301 at https://doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=0042-84502300014N

This article provides an overview of the oral microbiome, including its role in health and disease, methods for studying it, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications, highlighting the importance of understanding the diversity of the healthy oral microbiome and challenges of human microbiome research.

- The oral microbiome is the collection of microorganisms that live in the mouth. - The oral microbiome has been linked to many health conditions, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and even systemic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. - Advances in technology have allowed researchers to better understand the oral microbiome and its role in health and disease. - Researchers hope to use this knowledge to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools for oral and systemic diseases.

This is from J Oral Maxillofac Pathol in 2019 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6503789/.

The results of this pilot study suggest that the administration of oropharyngeal probiotics to frontline medical staff fighting against COVID-19 significantly reduced the incidence of respiratory tract infections, shortened the duration of infections, and decreased the number of days absent from work.

- Oropharyngeal probiotic ENT-K12 prevents respiratory tract infections among frontline medical staff fighting against COVID-19. - The pilot study supports the effectiveness of the probiotic in reducing respiratory infections. - The probiotic may be beneficial for healthcare workers. - The study suggests a potential preventive measure for respiratory tract infections.

This is from Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology in 2021 at URL.

The key takeaway of this article is that nutrition and probiotic therapy play an important role in the management of COVID-19, as they can support the immune system and improve the nutritional status of patients, potentially leading to better outcomes.

- Probiotics have potential uses in clinical practice. - Probiotics may be effective in managing childhood diarrhea. - Probiotics can alter gut microbiota and attenuate fecal inflammatory markers. - Probiotics have been studied for their potential role in respiratory virus infections. - Probiotics have been investigated for their effects on the immune response to influenza vaccination. - Probiotics may have beneficial effects in viral infections by affecting the innate and acquired immune systems. - Probiotics have been shown to protect human and animal intestinal epithelial and immune cells from enteric virus infection. - Probiotics may play a role in the treatment of COVID-19 patients and prevention of complications associated with increased antibiotic use. - Gut dysbiosis can impact secondary disease outcomes during viral respiratory infections. - Probiotics have been studied for their potential link to COVID-19.

This is from Nutrients in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8538178/

The pharmaceutical composition of chlorine shows promise in the treatment of respiratory viral infections, as detailed in the provided patent document.

- Pharmaceutical composition of chlorine is safe for the treatment of respiratory viral infection. - The composition is administered by inhalation. - The concentration of chlorine is in the range of 0.1 to 2 ppm. - Inhalation time and frequency may vary depending on the specific treatment regimen. - The composition is easy to prepare and cost-effective. - The treatment method helps minimize the concentration of the virus. - The composition can be administered as a liquid, mist, spray, aerosol, or steam. - The composition may contain chlorine gas or chlorine-releasing compounds. - Inactive ingredients and stabilizing agents may be included in the composition. - The pH of the solution is in the range of 1 to 8. - The composition can be administered from 1 to 10 times per day.

This is from USPTO PatentCenter in 2021 at Link

This study found that Johnson and Johnson's Baby Shampoo, which was tested as a topical virucidal agent in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, had no impact on reducing viral titers or symptom scores in treated subjects relative to controls, and lacked efficacy due to pharmacokinetic failure.

- Johnson and Johnson's Baby Shampoo (J&J) was tested as a topical virucidal agent in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. - J&J irrigations had no impact on viral titers or symptom scores in treated subjects relative to controls. - Lack of efficacy reflected pharmacokinetic failure, with the most virucidal J&J detergent components rapidly absorbed from nasal surfaces. - This study emphasizes the need to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of virucidal agents on airway surfaces to guide clinical trials.

This is from "PMC" in 2023 at https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/8132247.

This article explores different physical interventions that can be used to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses, such as wearing masks, social distancing, and improving ventilation.

- Physical interventions can help reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. - Examples of physical interventions include wearing masks, social distancing, and hand hygiene. - These interventions can be effective in reducing the transmission of respiratory viruses in both community and healthcare settings. - It is important to use a combination of interventions to achieve the greatest impact.

This is from PMC in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9885521/

This study reviewed the effectiveness of physical interventions (such as masks, hand hygiene, and physical distancing) in preventing the spread of respiratory viruses and found that the evidence is limited and more research is needed. The use of medical/surgical masks in the community probably makes little or no difference to the outcome of influenza-like illness (ILI)/COVID-19 like illness compared to not wearing masks, while hand hygiene is likely to modestly reduce the burden of respiratory illness.

- Physical interventions, such as masks, hand hygiene, and quarantine, have been studied to interrupt or reduce the spread of acute respiratory viruses. - The effectiveness of face masks is uncertain, and the evidence is of low to moderate certainty. - Wearing masks in the community probably makes little or no difference to the outcome of influenza-like illness (ILI)/COVID-19 like illness compared to not wearing masks. - Hand hygiene is likely to modestly reduce the burden of respiratory illness. - There is a need for large, well-designed randomized controlled trials addressing the effectiveness of many of these interventions in multiple settings and populations, as well as the impact of adherence on effectiveness, especially in those most at risk of acute respiratory infections.

This is from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36715243/.

The effectiveness of physical interventions, such as hand hygiene, masks, and N95/P2 respirators, in reducing the spread of respiratory viruses is uncertain due to a high risk of bias in studies and variations in outcome measurements, but hand hygiene programs may be beneficial in reducing the burden of respiratory illness.

- Face masks may not have a substantial effect on influenza transmission. - Eye protection and physical distancing measures are believed to be effective but have limited evidence. - Hand hygiene may have mixed and inconclusive results in preventing the transmission of respiratory viruses. - The evidence for non-drug interventions is based on small and underpowered trials with poor reporting of methods and lack of blinding.

This is from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2023 at https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6/full.

The daily use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 (BLIS K12) has been associated with a significant reduction in streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis and other respiratory infections in children, suggesting its potential as a preventive measure against these diseases.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12 can be used to prevent streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children. - The use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 reduced streptococcal infections by approximately 90%. - Streptococcus salivarius K12 also showed potential in reducing tracheitis, viral pharyngitis, rhinitis, flu, laryngitis, acute otitis media, and enteritis. - Prophylactic administration of Streptococcus salivarius K12 could be a safe and cost-effective preventative measure for various pediatric infections. - The use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 may have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and anti-viral effects. - Further studies are ongoing to understand the mechanisms and potential benefits of Streptococcus salivarius K12.

This is from Journal of Dentistry for Children in 2016 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5123729/

Oral rinsing with certain mouthwash components, such as ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine, may be a potential way to reduce transmission of COVID-19 through the throat and salivary glands, according to a review of existing research. However, more research is needed to determine the efficacy of specific formulations and their potential clinical use.

- Oral rinsing may be a potential way to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2. - Several widely available dental mouthwash components have been shown to disrupt viral lipid biomembranes, including those of coronaviruses. - Existing formulations of oral rinses should be evaluated for their potential to disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 lipid envelope. - Population-based interventions with available mouthwashes could be undertaken, with active monitoring of outcome to determine efficacy.

This is from American Physiological Society in 2020 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33215159/.

This article discusses the use of povidone-iodine as a topical solution to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 in the sinonasal and oral cavities, with concentrations of 0.2-0.5% recommended to minimize toxicity, and use recommended in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

- Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is likely effective in safely eradicating SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oral cavity, and oropharynx, but studies are needed to confirm its efficacy against this new pathogen. - PVP-I has been shown to be effective against other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS, in vitro. - PVP-I has been used as a preoperative disinfectant and mouthwash to reduce the risk of infection. - PVP-I has been shown to have bactericidal and virucidal efficacy against respiratory and oral tract pathogens, including MERS-CoV and modified vaccinia virus Ankara.

This is from Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery in 2020 at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0145561320932318.

Using far-UVC lighting in populated rooms can significantly reduce the transmission of airborne coronavirus, providing a safe and effective method of disinfection without harming people.

- Far-UVC light (222 nm) effectively inactivates airborne coronaviruses. - Safe for use in populated rooms without harming human skin. - Can be a valuable tool for reducing the spread of airborne diseases. - Research supports the development of UV-based disinfection systems.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2020 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76597-y

Gargling with water is an effective and low-cost way to prevent upper respiratory tract infections among healthy individuals, according to a randomized controlled trial.

- Gargling with water can help prevent upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) among healthy people. - This is a virtually cost-free and simple method that could benefit the general population. - The study found that the incidence rate of first URTI was lower in the water gargling group compared to the control group. - Even when a URTI occurred, water gargling tended to attenuate bronchial symptoms.

This is from American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 2005 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0749379705002588.

This article reports on two cases of fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by the presence of Naegleria fowleri in household plumbing, highlighting the importance of using appropriate water, such as distilled, boiled, or filtered water, for nasal irrigation.

- Two cases of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) were caused by contaminated tap water within a household. - The cases highlight the changing epidemiology of PAM in the United States. - The first case was caused by the use of a neti pot with contaminated tap water. - The second case was caused by the use of tap water for sinus irrigation. - The remediation of the hot water system and the use of distilled, filtered, or previously boiled water for nasal irrigation can reduce the risk of PAM. - Nasal irrigation using saline solutions made with contaminated tap water does not seem to inactivate N. fowleri fast enough. - The ability of commercially available reconstituted salt packets in the neti pot to inactivate N. fowleri was tested at the CDC laboratory. - Environmental pathogens have emerged as well-documented biofilm colonizers within pipes found in manmade, engineered environmental habitats where they amplify in warm water niches such as water heaters, and shower heads. - To better address this, improved and systematic environmental sampling of water bodies and systems in the United States is needed to create a baseline for N. fowleri occurrence, followed by systematic monitoring over time to better interpret, understand, and predict potential changes in N. fowleri ecology that could lead to improved prevention activities.

This is from Clinical Infectious Diseases in 2012 at https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/55/9/e79/434487?login=false.

Probiotics may have potential therapeutic benefits in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, as they can modulate the immune response and alleviate symptoms, according to a systematic review of current evidence.

- Probiotics can help control inflammation and reduce mortality and morbidity by strengthening the immune system. - Some probiotics may alleviate symptoms and severity of COVID-19, such as diarrhea, cough, anosmia, and weakness. - Probiotics may have antiviral effects and can modulate the immune response against COVID-19. - Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains have shown positive effects in managing COVID-19. - Probiotics can improve gut microbiota and reduce the risk of secondary infections. - Probiotics may play a role in preventing and treating COVID-19, but more research is needed.

This is from Journal in Year at URL.

Probiotics can provide a comprehensive solution for oral healthcare, offering benefits such as improved oral health and a reduced risk of dental diseases.

- Probiotics offer a complete oral healthcare package. - They can help prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases. - Probiotics can also reduce bad breath and improve overall oral health. - Regular use of probiotics can be beneficial for maintaining oral hygiene. - Probiotics are a safe and natural alternative to traditional oral care products.

This is from Journal in 2024 at URL.

Probiotics have been suggested as potential prophylactics and therapeutics for COVID-19, but the current evidence is limited and inconclusive regarding their effectiveness in preventing or treating the disease.

- Probiotic supplements may not be universally effective and safe. - The gut microbiome may play a role in the COVID-19 pandemic. - Circadian rhythms can affect gut microbiota and overall health. - Bacterial transmission from probiotic capsules to blood has been observed in ICU patients. - There is a potential link between gut microbiota and metabolic and gastrointestinal pathology. - The interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome is an important consideration. - The gut microbiome can affect drug metabolism. - The gut microbiome is involved in maintaining barrier integrity in the colon. - Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii fungemia has been reported following probiotic treatment. - Bacteremia from probiotics has been observed in some cases.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2022 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405457722004521.

Initiating nasal saline irrigation after COVID-19 diagnosis in high-risk outpatients significantly reduces the risk of hospitalization, according to a study.

- Initiating nasal saline irrigation after COVID-19 diagnosis reduces hospitalization and death in high-risk outpatients. - Nasal irrigation with alkalinization resulted in no hospitalizations and one ED visit. - Nasal irrigation participants were over 8 times less likely to be hospitalized than the national rate.

This is from Journal of Link in 2023.

Nasal irrigation with saline solution can significantly reduce the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization, according to a randomized trial conducted in Augusta, Georgia.

- Nasal irrigation initiated within 24 hours of a positive PCR test result reduces hospitalizations for COVID-19. - Patients who initiated isotonic saline nasal irrigation after a positive COVID-19 PCR test were 19 times less likely to be hospitalized than the national rate. - Further research is required to determine if adding povidone-iodine to irrigation reduces morbidity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This is from Clinical Trial in 2021 at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.21262044v1.

Proper ventilation is an essential preventive measure to reduce COVID-19 transmission indoors, and the required ventilation rate depends on the type of activity, with mechanical or natural ventilation, recirculation, and intermittent exhaust as options to achieve adequate ventilation volume.

- Improving ventilation is an important measure to reduce COVID-19 transmission. - Mechanical or natural ventilation, recirculation, and intermittent exhaust are effective ways to improve ventilation. - Portable HEPA filters and ceiling-mounted HEPA-UV air filters are recommended for recirculation. - The minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of the filtration system should be targeted to 13 or more. - The Wells-Riley model can be used to estimate the maximum number of occupants or the maximum residence time allowed in a specific indoor space in advance. - Administrative controls can be used to limit the number of occupants or residence time when it is entirely impossible to improve the ventilation of the indoor space with engineering controls.

This is from Environmental Science and Pollution Research International in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8363431/.

The use of water flossers has been found to be more effective at removing biofilm and bacteria from teeth and gums than traditional flossing and manual toothbrushing, leading to potential improvements in oral health.

- Water flossers remove biofilm from tooth surfaces and bacteria from periodontal pockets better than string flossing and manual toothbrushing-together or alone. - Clinicians should consider recommending water flossers for appropriate patients to improve their oral health. - Different irrigation or water-flossing devices offer different features, designs, and combinations of pulsation and pressure. - Clinicians must consider the needs of individual patients and supporting research in selecting a model that the patient will like and use, and that will provide improved oral health.

This is from Journal of Dental Hygiene in 2012 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22536661/

This article from the US Environmental Protection Agency provides information on how to build cost-effective DIY air cleaners, made with a box fan and MERV 13 air filter, to reduce smoke concentrations during wildfire events indoors, while also emphasizing the importance of safety and effectiveness improvements to the basic DIY air cleaner design.

- DIY air cleaners made with a box fan and MERV 13 air filter are a cost-effective method for reducing smoke concentrations. - Only use newer, certified box fans with added safety features (2012 models or newer). - Improve the effectiveness of the basic DIY air cleaner design by adding a cardboard shroud, using a thicker filter(s), or using multiple filters. - Keep extra filters on hand and replace when dirty. - DIY air cleaners can effectively reduce smoke concentrations in a laboratory setting. - The most effective DIY design will depend on the space to be cleaned, the activities carried out, space availability, potential noise disruption, and other factors. - DIY air cleaners were almost completely ineffective with dirty filters, highlighting the need for frequent filter replacement during smoke events. - DIY air cleaners made with newer model box fans are unlikely to pose a fire or burn risk but should be kept clear of obstructions and operated with common sense precautions. - Portable air cleaners, including DIY air cleaners, are only part of a comprehensive indoor air quality strategy. They do not replace the need for ventilation and should be used in conjunction with other appropriate health measures.

This is from Impact of Do-It-Yourself Air Cleaner Design on the Reduction of Simulated Wildfire Smoke in a Controlled Chamber Environment in 2022 at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c05756.

The respiratory tract is the part of the respiratory system responsible for breathing in mammals and consists of the upper airways, including the nose and pharynx, and the lower airways, including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The tract conducts air breathed in, which is filtered, warmed, and moistened into the lungs, and specialized structures within the lungs, called alveoli, function in gas exchange.

- The respiratory tract is a system of organs and tissues that help us breathe. - The lungs are divided into different lobes, and each lobe is further divided up into segments called bronchopulmonary segments. - The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. - The respiratory tract is covered in epithelium, which varies down the tract. - The respiratory system is very prone to developing infections in the lungs. - Asthma is a common respiratory disease that can cause difficulty in breathing.

This is from Wikipedia in 2021 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract

Common antiseptics such as povidone-iodine, Listerine, iota-carrageenan, and chlorhexidine should be studied further in clinical trials to mitigate the progression and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 according to a review of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pandemic.

- Several clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing viral load in COVID-19 patients. - Some antiseptics being studied include chlorhexidine, nitric oxide releasing solutions, and carrageenan nasal spray. - Nasal saline irrigations have also been studied for their potential impact on viral load in COVID-19 patients. - Some studies have shown the potential efficacy of carrageenan nasal spray against the common cold. - Other potential treatments being studied include neem leaves, cyclodextrins, and heparin. - Surfactants may also be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

This is from Future Microbiol. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842245/.

This article discusses the potential efficacy of different antiseptics, such as PVP-I, iota-carrageenan, and hypertonic saline, in reducing viral load and preventing transmission of COVID-19. Several clinical trials are underway to investigate these interventions and their ability to diminish progression by reducing viral load in the early stages of infection.

- Several clinical trials are currently investigating the potential of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing the viral load of COVID-19 patients. - Carrageenan nasal spray has shown potential efficacy against the common cold. - Chlorhexidine mouthwash has been shown to be effective in improving gingival health. - Iota-carrageenan nasal spray has been shown to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms. - Neem leaves and Salvadora persica chewing sticks have been shown to have antimicrobial effects. - Nitric oxide has potential immunoregulatory and antiviral activities. - Heparin may have potential as a therapy for COVID-19. - Surfactants may be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

This is from Future Microbiol. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842245/.

This review explores the potential of various antiseptics, such as povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and iota-carrageenan, to prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2, with several having shown the ability to reduce viral load in vitro, and many clinical trials being conducted to study their efficacy.

- Several clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing the viral load of COVID-19 patients. - Some antiseptics being studied include chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, and iota-carrageenan. - Nasal saline irrigations may also help reduce viral load in COVID-19 patients. - Neem leaves and cyclodextrins have been shown to have antimicrobial effects. - Nitric oxide may have potential antiviral and immunoregulatory activities. - Heparin may be a potential therapy for COVID-19. - Surfactants may be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

This is from PMC in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842245/.

This scientific article discusses the need to revisit the components of transmission-based precautions for the prevention of COVID-19 and other respiratory virus infections in healthcare, including the use of personal protective equipment and the definition of terms related to transmission, in order to ensure that these precautions are consistent and rationally based on available evidence.

- Personal protective equipment (PPE) is important for preventing the transmission of COVID-19 and other respiratory virus infections in healthcare settings. - Respirators (filtering face pieces) provide better protection than surgical masks, but require proper fit and training for effective use. - Eye protection may also be important for preventing transmission of respiratory viruses. - Proper donning and doffing of PPE is important to prevent self-contamination. - The risk of transmission of respiratory viruses can be reduced through physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection. - Healthcare workers should follow standard infection control precautions and the hierarchy of controls to prevent transmission of respiratory viruses.

This is from Eurosurveillance in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10416576/.

Nasal irrigation, or sinus rinsing, can offer relief for symptoms of sinus infections, allergies, cold and flu, but it is important to use the right water, clean the device after every use, not use it as a preventive measure, and seek medical treatment if used too often or for chronic sinus or allergy issues.

- Nasal irrigation can help relieve symptoms of sinus infections, allergies, colds, and flu. - Saline solution moves through nasal passages to clear out mucus, moisturize, and remove allergens and debris. - Side effects of nasal rinsing are typically minor and temporary, such as a burning or stinging sensation in the nose and mild irritation in the nasal passages. - To avoid serious issues, use the right water, make sure the nasal irrigation device is clean, and only use nasal irrigation when you need it.

This is from UCLA Health Connect in 2022 at https://connect.uclahealth.org/2022/05/02/risks-and-rewards-of-nasal-rinses-what-you-need-to-know/.

The research demonstrates that 222-nm far-UVC light is safe for eye tissue and effectively kills bacteria on the cornea, offering a promising new method for disinfection in ophthalmic surgery.

- 222-nm far-UVC exposure is safe for corneal epithelial cells. - 9 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm far-UVC effectively eliminates bacteria on the corneal surface. - Silk fibroin (SF) corneal bandages provide a suture-less alternative to amniotic membrane for corneal abrasions. - SF membranes show good bonding strength and stability in both lab and live rabbit models. - No signs of edema or significant neovascularization observed in treated corneas.

This is from IOVS in 2024 at https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2787973

The study evaluated the safety and efficacy of using electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care in preventing disease progression in patients with COVID-19, showing promising results in reducing hospitalization and death rates compared to usual medical care alone.

- Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care may be a potential treatment for COVID-19. - The treatment was compared to usual medical care alone in a randomized, open-label, controlled trial. - The study investigated the safety and efficacy of the treatment. - The treatment showed promise in expanding the domain of thoughts we can think and qualia we can feel. - The study also explored the future of knowledge representation and creative work aided by machine understanding of language. - The researcher has been writing online since 2014 and has built over 100 side projects. - The researcher is currently researching and prototyping applications of AI in collaboration and knowledge tools at Notion.

This is from Exp Ther Med in 2021. Read the article here.

Nasal lavages have been shown to have potential benefits in aiding the recovery of patients with COVID-19 and reducing the risk of viral transmission when performed with strict hygiene measures, although additives to the solutions used and the potential for droplet spread and surface contamination must be considered.

- Nasal lavages with a solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus may be a safe potential treatment and protective factor for COVID-19 infection. - Copper has been shown to have biocidal properties and can catalytically inactivate SARS coronavirus on solid surfaces. - Saline nasal irrigation has been shown to be effective in treating acute upper respiratory tract infections in infants and children. - Povidone-iodine has been suggested as a potential public health intervention for COVID-19. - The CDC has guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities, including the use of disinfectants for SARS-CoV-2.

This is from Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis in 2015 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344138. This is from PMC in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7453155/. This is from PLoS One in 2010 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/

The safety assessment of the oral cavity probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 showed that it is a safe and promising probiotic for oral health, with no adverse effects reported and stable microbial composition in the oral cavity.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12 has low pathogenic potential and is unlikely to cause disease in healthy humans. - The microbial composition of saliva did not significantly change after ingesting S. salivarius K12. - Some subjects had bacteriocin-producing S. salivarius strains in their oral cavities even after completing the course of K12 lozenges. - Counts of S. salivarius and facultatively anaerobic bacteria remained stable throughout the study.

This is from Journal of Bacteriology in 2006 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449041/

The literature review suggests that water flossers have been subject to numerous studies on their safety, efficacy, and delivery of antimicrobial agents and decades of use by the public continues to support their safety and efficacy.

- Water flossers have been subject to numerous studies on their safety, efficacy, and delivery of antimicrobial agents. - Evidence based on such studies and decades of use by the public continues to support their safety and efficacy. - Suggestions of possible detrimental effects on the attachment, junctional epithelium, or pocket depth have been disproved.

This is from the journal "Journal of Clinical Periodontology" in 2015 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822642/.

Nasal and oral saline irrigation can be a safe, inexpensive, and complementary measure to help reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission and relieve symptoms of COVID-19.

- Saline nasal irrigation and gargling may help reduce viral load and improve patient outcomes in COVID-19. - Saline may help improve mucosal dynamics and prevent persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. - Nasal irrigation and gargling with hypertonic saline may prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to care home residents. - Gargling with povidone iodine has a short-term inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. - Inhalation of saline may reduce the risk of infection with coronaviruses.

This is from Frontiers in Public Health in 2023 at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1161881/full.

Saline nasal irrigation may have some benefit in relieving symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections, but the evidence is limited and of low quality, and further research is needed to establish its role as a standard intervention.

- Saline nasal irrigation can be helpful for treating symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections. - The use of hypertonic saline nasal spray has been found to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms. - Nasal irrigation with isotonic saline can also be effective in treating and preventing rhinitis in children. - Saline nasal irrigation is a low-risk, low-cost intervention that can be easily performed at home.

This is from a journal article in 2023 at URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9475221/.

Saline nasal irrigation can be an effective treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis, and may also be helpful for managing symptoms of mild to moderate allergic rhinitis and acute upper respiratory tract infections, according to consensus guidelines, although more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness for these conditions. Saline nasal irrigation is generally considered safe and can be easily performed at home with a neti pot or nasal spray bottle.

- A patient with leg pain that worsens with standing and improves with bending forward has a 75% probability of having lumbar spinal stenosis. - Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, lamotrigine, sodium valproate, and topiramate are effective in controlling seizures in newly diagnosed partial or generalized epilepsy. - Adding second-line drugs to usual treatment reduces seizure frequency in persons with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, but increases adverse effects such as dizziness and somnolence. - In persons who have been seizure-free for at least two years while on treatment, almost 60 percent of those who withdraw from antiepileptic treatment remain seizure-free, compared with almost 80 percent of persons who continue treatment. - High-dose supplemental vitamin D (482 to 770 IU per day) can reduce risk of nonvertebral fractures by at least 20 percent, and hip fractures by at least 18 percent. - Caffeine intake is directly correlated with small but notable fetal growth restriction. Although a safe threshold cannot be determined, maternal caffeine intake of less than 100 mg per day minimizes the risk of fetal growth restriction. - Patients started on rosiglitazone have higher rates of all-cause mortality and hospitalization for CHF than those using pioglitazone. The risks of MI or stroke are comparable for the two drugs.

This is from American Family Physician in 2009 at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1115/p1117.html.

Saline nasal spray can help alleviate allergy symptoms by restoring moisture to dry nasal passages, thinning mucus, and cleansing nasal passages of pollen and other allergens, but it's important to use it correctly and consult with a doctor if unsure.

- Saline nasal spray can help with nasal allergies by restoring moisture to dry nasal passages and sinuses, curbing inflammation of mucous membranes, thinning mucus, giving less postnasal drip, and cleansing nasal passages of pollen and other allergens. - Over-the-counter saline sprays and rinses can help remove pollen from the nasal lining and add moisture if your nose feels dry from winter weather. - You can easily make a saline solution at home to wash your nose and sinuses using non-iodized salt and baking soda. - If you use a nasal steroid spray to treat your allergies, doctors suggest you first use a saline spray to cleanse the nose and rid it of thick mucus and debris. - Talk to your doctor or allergist if you're not sure how to use saline nasal spray correctly.

This is from Webmd in 2023 at https://www.webmd.com/allergies/saline-spray

A new nasal spray treatment using nitric oxide has been shown to significantly accelerate the clearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms.

This is from The Lancet in 2022 at https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lansea/article/PIIS2772-3682(22)00046-4/fulltext

This study used a reverse genetics system to explore the pathogenesis of COVID-19, finding that there is a gradient of infection in the respiratory tract with the highest expression of the ACE2 receptor, which allows the virus to enter cells, in the nose, suggesting that the nose is the initial site of infection before the virus spreads to the lungs.

- The study investigates the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract. - The virus was found to infect both upper and lower respiratory tract cells. - The highest concentration of the virus was found in the nasal cavity. - The study suggests that the virus can be transmitted through both respiratory droplets and aerosols. - The findings have implications for the development of treatments and preventive measures for COVID-19.

This is from Cell in 2020 at https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30675-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867420306759%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a natural part of our internal defense system that helps fight against harmful pathogens, and can be used as an effective disinfectant and healing agent with no adverse effects, making it a promising technology for a variety of applications.

- HOCl is a natural part of our internal defense system, produced by white blood cells through a process called phagocytosis. - HOCl is the front line of our defense system and serves the dual purpose of fighting all types of germs that try to invade us and triggering a series of biochemical chain reactions to stimulate rapid healing and restore normal structure and function. - When produced outside the body, HOCl is an electrolyzed, antimicrobial, biocide solution that inactivates pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi. - Harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, spores and viruses, can be found all around us — in the air, on food, plants, animals, and on inanimate surfaces. - The human body uses innate, non-specific mechanisms as the first line of defense against pathogens, infection and injury. - The skin itself, and mucous secretions at epithelial membranes, are both important elements of the innate resistance response. - HOCl is immediately generated by the body in response as the key chemical component of innate immunity. - HOCl hurries healing, works to mitigate scarring, to clear a myriad of skin issues and conditions, can be misted to permeate small crevices for effective odor control and sanitation. - HOCl has been shown to reduce skin aging, stimulate immunity to germs, and produce powerful local stimulants of wound healing/germ killing. - HOCl makes new skin cells grow over wounds and reorganizes scar fibers. - While the 100 year history of Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) has provided indisputable evidence of its efficacy in healing and use in disinfection, the widespread use of HOCl has remained fairly stagnant, and the primary limiting factor to broad adoption of this important technology, historically, has been due to its lack of stability.

- Reduces skin aging (anti-wrinkle effect): This is from Journal of Clinical Investigation in 2013 at https://www.jci.org/articles/view/70895. - Makes blood clot in wounds: This is from The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery in 2010 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810979/. - Causes fibrinogen oxidation, firmer clots and longer clot lysis period: This is from The Journal of Biological Chemistry in 2013 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514520/. - Stimulates immunity to germs: This is from The Journal of Immunology in 2010 at https://www.jimmunol.org/content/184/2/824.full?sid=596e6dd4-43ca-47e9-98f5-770ee2b1f3eb. - Produces powerful local stimulants of wound healing/germ killing: This is from The Journal of Immunology in 2010 at https://www.jimmunol.org/content/184/2/824.full?sid=596e6dd4-43ca-47e9-98f5-770ee2b1f3eb. - Makes new skin cells grow over wounds and reorganizes scar fibers: This is from Medscape in 2015 at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/838158. - Leads to long lasting local effects in the body: This is from Medscape in 2015 at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/838158.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a seawater nasal spray in reducing the duration of nasal symptoms of COVID-19 and reducing the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19, and the study will take place in France among adults subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 who developed nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea no more than 48 hours before study inclusion.

- A medical trial is being conducted to assess the efficacy of a natural seawater nasal spray, Physiomer®, to reduce duration of COVID-19 nasal symptoms and reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 disease. - Nasal saline irrigations are frequently prescribed for both prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). - The sponsor hypothesized that the daily use of seawater nasal wash in subjects with mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 would relieve nasal symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, including nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, and would reduce the intranasal viral load. - The study will take place in France among adults subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 who developed nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea no more than 48 hours before study inclusion. - Subjects positive for SARS-CoV-2 will be randomized into one of two study groups: control group or nasal wash group. - Subjects in the nasal wash group will be asked to perform daily nasal wash for a 3 weeks period with Physiomer®, a 100% seawater isotonic nasal spray. - Subjects in both groups will complete daily online questionnaires for a 3 weeks period. - The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Physiomer®, an undiluted isotonic seawater nasal spray, on reducing the duration of nasal symptoms of COVID-19 (nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea) in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19. - The study is estimated to start on May 27, 2021, and end on October 27, 2021.

This is from ClinicalTrials.gov in 2023 at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04916639.

This is a patent for a shelf-stable form of hypochlorous acid, which can be useful as a biocidal agent against various pathogens, and is invented by Emmett Manuel Cunningham.

- Hypochlorous acid can be used to treat wounds and prevent bacteria from going deeper into the body or bloodstream. - The composition includes lithium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, or sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride, and an acid. - The liquid or gelled HOCl composition may be nebulized or added to a dressing and used for nasal irrigation. - HOCl attacks the metabolic functions of microorganisms, disrupting their DNA structure, rendering them unable to build any resistance to HOCl. - The purity of all ingredients is important for effective results. - The administered hypochlorous acid has hypochlorous acid content between about 10 ppm and about 500 ppm. - The administered hypochlorous acid has sodium chloride content between about 10 ppm and about 1000 ppm. - Suitable nebulizing devices include, for example, piezoelectric nebulizers, spray bottles, metered spray pumps, metered-dose inhalers and bag-on-valve spray cans. - The HOCl composition is capable of preventing the replication or colonization of the viruses that can cause the common cold, the influenza virus, or both. - The HOCl composition is capable of preventing the replication or colonization of the fungi/bacteria that can cause the common bacterial or fungus infections in wounds or ulcers.

This is from US Patent Application US20230017920A1 in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US20230017920A1/en.

Electrolyzed water, a simple mixture of salt and tap water, is a nontoxic and effective cleaning agent that can kill bacteria and disinfect surfaces, and is slowly gaining acceptance in the US.

- Electrolyzed water is a simple mixture of table salt and tap water whose ions have been scrambled with an electric current. - It is powerful enough to kill anthrax spores without harming people or the environment. - It has been used as a sanitizer for decades in Russia and Japan, and is slowly winning acceptance in the United States. - It is being used to kill salmonella on chicken carcasses, to disinfect produce, and to sanitize surfaces in hotels and jails. - Electrolyzed water loses its potency fairly quickly, so it can’t be stored long. - Machines are pricey and geared mainly for industrial use. - The process also needs to be monitored frequently for the right strength.

This is from Los Angeles Times in 2009 at https://www.latimes.com/la-fi-magicwater23-2009feb23-story.html.

A simple nasal wash with saline water can potentially reduce the severity of COVID-19 by flushing out viruses from the sinuses, according to a new study from Augusta University, which found that nasal washes conducted within 24 hours of diagnosis can prevent the virus from entering the lungs and causing lasting damage, making the technique easy to use, inexpensive, and safe.

- Simple nasal washes with mild saline water can prevent hospitalization and deaths from COVID-19, if applied twice daily following a positive diagnosis. - Reducing the amount of virus entering the body cuts the severity of the disease. - Nasal washes conducted within 24 hours of diagnosis can prevent the virus from entering the lungs and possibly causing permanent or fatal damage to patients. - Nasal washes are inexpensive and safe and can be administered at home using half a teaspoon each of salt and baking soda in a cup of boiled or distilled water. - Only 1.3% of COVID-19 patients who underwent nasal wash required hospitalization, suggesting that they were more than eight times less likely to be hospitalized compared with the 11% in the CDC dataset.

This is from Ear, Nose & Throat Journal in 2022 at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01455613221123737.

A sinus flush, also known as nasal irrigation, can help relieve congestion and sinus irritation caused by sinus infections, allergies, or colds, and is generally safe as long as sterile water is used, but those who have recently had sinus surgery should avoid cold water and follow other safety guidelines.

- A sinus flush is a safe and simple remedy for nasal congestion and sinus irritation that just about anyone can do at home. - Saline can wash away allergens, mucus, and other debris, and help to moisten the mucous membranes. - A sinus flush carries a small risk of infection and other side effects, but these risks can be easily avoided by following a few simple safety rules. - Doctors most often recommend using saline irrigation for chronic sinusitis. - A sinus flush can be effective at relieving nasal congestion and irritation, caused by a sinus infection, allergies, or a cold.

This is from Healthline in 2019 at https://www.healthline.com/health/sinus-flush.

Irrigating the sinuses twice a day with a saltwater solution may reduce the risk of hospitalization from Covid-19 by 8.5-fold, according to a clinical trial from Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, providing an easy and inexpensive method to help protect against Covid-19 for those with limited access to healthcare.

- Nasal irrigation with a simple saltwater solution can lead to an 8.5-fold reduction in hospitalization from Covid-19. - Reducing the amount of virus in the nose might give the immune system a better chance to react and control that growth before it got out of hand. - Patients who strictly adhered to nasal irrigation had fewer, shorter and less severe symptoms than people in the study who missed some of their saline rinses. - Premeasured packets of saline are inexpensive and can be purchased at any drug store.

This is from leaps.org in 2023. You can find the article here.

Sodium 1,5-dichloro-4,6-dioxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazin-2olate (NaDCC) is a broad-spectrum fast-acting sanitizer and water sterilizer, effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, with potential benefits in household water treatment interventions, but further research is needed to assess its microbiological effectiveness, compliance, acceptability, and affordability.

- Microorganisms can adapt to various environmental conditions and develop resistance or tolerance to antiseptics and disinfectants. - The effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants can be influenced by factors such as inadequate cleaning, incorrect product use, or ineffective infection control practices. - Different antiseptic and disinfectant products can vary significantly in efficacy, even if they contain similar levels of biocides. - Further research is needed to better understand the mode of action of antiseptics and disinfectants and to develop more effective compounds and products.

This is from World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research in 2024 at this link.

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets can be a viable alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for treating drinking water at the household level, offering potential advantages in terms of safety, effectiveness, affordability, and scalability, especially in low-income settings.

- Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets are an alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for treating drinking water at the household level. - NaDCC may have certain advantages over NaOCl for household-based interventions in development settings. - NaDCC tablets have been shown to be effective in disinfecting water and reducing waterborne diseases. - NaDCC tablets are safe for routine treatment of drinking water. - NaDCC tablets may increase compliance and acceptability compared to NaOCl. - NaDCC tablets are affordable and scalable for use in low-income settings. - Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits and effectiveness of NaDCC tablets in water treatment.

This is from Journal of Hospital Infection in 1985 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670185800141 This is from The Lancet Infectious Diseases in 2005 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309904012538 This is from Journal of Food Protection in 2003 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X22032641 This is from Journal of the American Water Works Association in 2000 This is from Journal of Applied Bacteriology This is from Journal of Applied Bacteriology This is from Journal of Hospital Infection This is from Journal of Applied Bacteriology

Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a chlorine-releasing compound used for disinfection of medical devices, instruments, linen, floors, and surfaces, with specific preparations and precautions for different applications.

- Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a disinfectant and chlorine-releasing compound. - It is used for disinfection of medical devices, instruments, linen, floors, and surfaces. - NaDCC comes in effervescent tablets, granules, and powder. - The recommended concentration for disinfection solutions is 0.1% active chlorine (1000 ppm). - Precautions include preparing solutions with cold water, avoiding contact with acid solutions and detergents, and protecting stainless steel instruments from corrosion. - NaDCC can be used for wound antisepsis, but only if the formulation is intended for this purpose. - Some formulations can be used for disinfecting drinking water, following the manufacturer's instructions. - NaDCC is also known as sodium troclosene and sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione. - It should be stored in an airtight container, protected from light, heat, and humidity.

This is from Medical Guidelines in 2024 at https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/EssDr/english/sodium-dichloroisocyanurate-nadcc-16688134.html

The study evaluated the potential toxic effects of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) after inhalation exposure in rats, finding that it can cause adverse effects on the respiratory system, such as lung inflammation and histopathological changes, with a concentration-dependent relationship. However, these effects were observed to decrease during the recovery period, and the no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of NaDCC was determined to be 2.0 mg/m3 for both male and female rats.

- NaDCC (Sodium dichloroisocyanurate) exposure for 90 days can cause respiratory system toxicity in rats. - Nasal cavity and tracheal changes include eosinophilic globules, mucous cell hyperplasia, and epithelial atrophy. - Lung changes include thickened alveolar duct walls. - Most of the observed lesions are non-serious and reversible. - Hematology and blood biochemical changes were not considered toxicologically relevant. - No changes in mortality, body weight, and food consumption were observed. - No serious histopathological symptoms were observed in other organs. - The "no observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs)" of inhaled NaDCC is 2.0 mg/m3 for both sexes. - Inhalation exposure to NaDCC may have a higher toxicity risk compared to oral administration.

This is from Journal in 2022 at URL

Sodium hypochlorite, commonly known as bleach, is an inorganic chemical compound that is widely used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent, but it is highly unstable and easily decomposes, which can be dangerous.

- Sodium hypochlorite is used to control slime and bacteria formation in water systems used at power plants, pulp and paper mills, etc. - Sodium hypochlorite is the medicament of choice for endodontic therapy. - Sodium hypochlorite is used to remove all traces of nerve agent or blister agent from Personal Protection Equipment after an entry is made by personnel into toxic areas. - Dilute bleach baths have been used for decades to treat moderate to severe eczema in humans. - Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer and can cause skin burns and eye damage. - Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, will release toxic chlorine gas when mixed with an acid, such as hydrochloric acid or vinegar. - Sodium hypochlorite tends to form persistent chlorinated organic compounds, including known carcinogens, that can be absorbed by organisms and enter the food chain.

This is from Wikipedia in 2021 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite.

A South African scientist believes she may have found a solution to long COVID-19, which affects approximately 100 million people worldwide.

- A South African scientist may have discovered a treatment for long COVID-19. - Long COVID-19 is a condition that affects millions of people. - The treatment involves a combination of drugs that target the immune system. - The treatment has been successful in a small trial and is now being tested in larger trials.

This is from The Hill in 2023 at https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/medical-advances/588443-south-african-scientist-thinks-she-may-have/.

A spray called hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has shown to be highly effective in killing germs and viruses instantly, and its deployment in countries like China, Hong Kong, and Japan has played a vital role in curbing the spread of Covid-19, prompting experts to question why it is not being widely used in other countries like the UK. HOCl is non-toxic, cheap to produce, easy to use, and safe for humans, making it a potential simple solution to the Covid-19 nightmare.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is being sprayed in countries like China, Hong Kong, and Japan to curb the spread of Covid-19. - HOCl is 100 times more effective than bleach as a disinfectant and kills germs and viruses instantly. - HOCl is non-toxic, cheap to produce, easy to use, and completely safe for humans. - The UK government has given the green light for official trials of HOCl. - HOCl has been described as the gold standard for antiviral and antibacterial agents. - Fogging or misting with HOCl could play a huge role in avoiding a second spike of the disease. - HOCl can be made by dissolving sodium dichloroisocyanurate in water. - Fogging tunnels with HOCl are being used in the East and could be a solution for bringing spectators back into stadiums. - There is resistance to implementing new ideas and innovations in the healthcare system. - Further testing is required to prove the efficacy of the fogging process against gowns, masks, and eyewear. - HOCl should be made available for frontline key workers to protect themselves in future pandemics.

This is from Daily Mail in 2023 at Link.

This document describes a stabilized hypochlorous acid solution and its use, which may have applications in antimicrobial treatments and wound healing.

- An antimicrobial solution has been developed that can be used to treat or prevent infections associated with abdominal surgery. - The solution contains hypochlorous acid, a divalent cation (such as calcium or magnesium), a phosphate anion, and chloride ion. - The specific dosage level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the strength of the antimicrobial solution, the severity of the condition, the patient's body weight, age, physical and mental condition, and more. - The solution has been tested against various bacteria and fungi, including MRSA, E. coli, and Candida albicans, and has shown significant reductions in their populations. - The stability of the solution has been shown to be good, with a small drop in pH observed over time. - The patent application includes a number of claims related to the composition and production of the antimicrobial solution.

This is from US20160120183A1 patent in 2018 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160120183A1/en.

The patent is about a stabilized solution and formulation of hypohalous acid for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, foods, and mammalian tissues, as well as preserving agricultural products and cut flowers.

- The document is a patent for a stabilized hypohalous acid solution. - The solution has potential applications in medicine, specifically for treating dermatological disorders, wounds, and infections. - The patent discusses the use of the solution in hydrogel formulations and as a local antiseptic. - Other patents and publications related to the use of hypohalous acid solutions are cited.

This is from Japanese Patent JP6355926B2 in 2018 at https://patents.google.com/patent/JP6355926B2/en.

This patent describes a stabilized solution of hypohalous acid that can be used for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, foods, and mammalian tissues.

- The document is related to a patent for a stabilized hypohalous acid solution. - The patent is related to medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients, specifically for treating dermatological disorders, wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like. - The patent is also related to drugs for immunological or allergic disorders, specifically antiallergic agents. - The patent is further related to antiinfectives, such as antibiotics, antiseptics, and antibacterial agents. - The patent describes a method of preparation, methods of application, and uses for the stabilized solution or formulation.

This is from JP6355926B2 in 2018 at https://patents.google.com/patent/JP6355926B2/en.

This is a patent for stabilized hypohalous acid solutions, which are used for disinfection and treatment of various conditions, and the patent includes detailed information about the formulation and use of the solutions.

- The patent discusses stabilized hypohalous acid solutions and their potential applications in medicine, specifically for treating dermatological disorders, wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, and bacterial infections. - The patent also mentions the use of hypochlorous acid as an antibacterial agent and local antiseptic. - The document lists several other patents and publications related to the use of hypochlorous acid and other oxidizing agents in various applications, including wound healing, water purification, and dental care.

This is from US Patent in 2020 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US10576152B2/en?q=(stabilizing+HOCl)&oq=stabilizing+HOCl

The patent describes a method for producing a stable electrolyzed saline solution that can be used for treating diseases related to oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial DNA.

- Stable electrolyzed saline solution (EP3130564A1) is a patent that has been withdrawn. - The patent is related to treatment compositions and electrolyzed saline solution. - The patent has been cited by one examiner and one third party. - There are 10 families citing this patent. - There is one patent citation and two non-patent citations related to this patent. - The patent has also been published under different publication numbers and dates. - There are similar documents related to electrolyzed saline solution and its effects. - There have been legal events associated with this patent, including a request for examination and the application being withdrawn.

- This is from European Patent Office in 2017 at https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3130564A1/en

Researchers at Stanford Medicine have identified the routes that the COVID-19 virus takes to enter and exit cells in the nasal cavity, which could lead to the development of a nasal spray to prevent infection; the virus attaches itself to cilia and microvilli structures found on multiciliated epithelial cells, which form a protective barrier to keep viruses from entering the airway, and the researchers found that inhibiting ciliary motion or microvilli gigantism could prevent respiratory viruses from colonizing the nose and throat, potentially limiting future pandemics.

- SARS-CoV-2 takes specific routes to enter and exit cells in our nasal cavity - Cilia and microvilli are two structures found on multiciliated epithelial cells that are involved in the virus's entry and exit - Cilia are appendages that the virus initially attaches to, while microvilli enlarge and branch to release attached viral progeny to spread to other cells - Human ciliated nasal epithelial cells are the primary entry site for SARS-CoV-2 in nasal epithelial tissue - Eliminating mucin from the mesh prevents the mesh from blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection of the organoids - Inhibiting viral entry or exit in airway cells could prevent unknown respiratory viruses from making themselves at home in your nose or throat

This is from Cell in 2023 at https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/01/covid-virus-infection-nasal.html.

The study found that hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite mists can effectively kill airborne influenza virus particles without causing significant harm to animals exposed to the gas.

- Hypochlorous acid gas effectively kills influenza A virus aerosols. - A concentration of 1 vol. of gas in 2 million vol. of air can destroy 99% or more of virus particles. - No toxic effects were observed in preliminary experiments on mice and cats inhaling the gas. - Acute irritation of mucous membranes was noted, but it did not increase susceptibility to influenza infection.

This is from Journal of Hygiene in 2024 at https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/studies-on-airborne-virus-infections-iii-the-killing-of-aerial-suspensions-of-influenza-virus-by-hypochlorous-acid/FED980BCC43BD8CD785AA70C05115496

Sinusitis is a common condition caused by inflammation of the sinuses, and while antibiotics are often prescribed, research suggests that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation is a more effective alternative that can improve mucociliary transit time and reduce symptoms.

- Antibiotics are unlikely to help many sinus infections. - Sinuses are air-filled pockets within the skull that contribute to conditioning the air we breathe, give resonance to our voice, assist in absorbing shock, reduce the weight of the skull, and contribute to facial growth. - Sinusitis is one of the most commonly diagnosed chronic illnesses in the United States, affecting 40 to 50 million Americans each year. - Chronic sinusitis can be a miserable condition that significantly impairs quality of life. - Biofilms allow bacteria to not only easily multiply, but also recruit other bacteria to join them. - Recent studies have shown that a simple surfactant can break up biofilms, allowing the immune system to do its job. - Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation has been shown to improve mucociliary transit times by 17 percent.

This is from Wall Street Journal in 2008 at https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122390720168630575.

This study investigated the efficacy of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in inactivating a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces frequently encountered in consumer-facing environments, finding that increased HOCl concentration and exposure time led to increased reduction of the surrogate, but that the highest estimated mean log reduction may not adequately reduce enveloped viruses to below infective thresholds.

- Hypochlorous acid can be effective in inactivating a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate on surfaces, but the effectiveness can be impacted by various factors such as surface type, contact time, inoculum matrix, and concentration. - There are various sanitizing agents that can be used for virus inactivation and disinfection, but their efficacy can depend on the specific virus and the conditions of use. - The stability of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces can be impacted by factors such as temperature and humidity. - There are various methods for assessing the virucidal activity of chemical germicides, such as a disc-based quantitative carrier test method. - Low concentration hydrogen peroxide vapor can be effective in inactivating MS2 bacteriophage and the presumed Ebola virus surrogate Phi6.

This is from Food Environ Virol in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9862229/.