Conspire.to research articles

A study found that 222 nm far-UVC light can significantly reduce airborne viruses in occupied spaces, offering a promising method for controlling airborne infections without harming people.

- 222 nm far-UVC light can significantly reduce airborne viruses in occupied spaces. - In a study, it reduced infectious murine norovirus by 99.8% in a mouse-cage cleaning room. - This technology poses minimal risk to human health while effectively inactivating pathogens. - Far-UVC light may be a promising solution for controlling airborne diseases in public areas.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2024 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57441-z

A recent review found that using tongue scrapers can effectively reduce bad breath more than toothbrushes in adults.

- Tongue scrapers are effective in reducing bad breath (halitosis). - The review compared tongue scraping to other methods, like using a toothbrush. - Two trials with 40 participants showed significant results. - Tongue scrapers reduced volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) more effectively than toothbrushes. - The difference in effectiveness is small but statistically significant.

This is from PubMed in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17004573/

The review highlights the critical role of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in controlling the spread of COVID-19, emphasizing the need for improved air filtration and ventilation strategies to ensure indoor air quality and reduce infection risks.

- HVAC systems can contribute to the spread of COVID-19 if not properly managed. - Indoor air quality is crucial; ventilation can dilute airborne pathogens. - Upgrading filters to MERV-13 is recommended to reduce virus transmission. - Continuous operation of HVAC systems is essential for maintaining air quality. - Outdoor air circulation before and after occupancy can mitigate risks. - Portable HEPA air cleaners can supplement ventilation in poorly ventilated spaces. - Avoid recirculation of air in HVAC systems to prevent airborne transmission. - Regular maintenance of HVAC systems is necessary to ensure effectiveness. - Implementing UVGI can enhance air disinfection but should not replace filtration. - Social distancing and mask-wearing are still critical alongside ventilation strategies.

This is from Process Safety and Environmental Protection in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8450051/

A new nasal spray called "Pathogen Capture and Neutralizing Spray" (PCANS) offers a drug-free way to protect against respiratory infections by forming a barrier in the nose that captures and neutralizes viruses and bacteria effectively.

- PCANS is a drug-free nasal spray that prevents respiratory infections. - It forms a protective coating in the nasal cavity to capture and neutralize pathogens. - Reduces pathogen load by over 99.99%. - Safe for daily use and retains in the nasal cavity for at least 8 hours. - Protects against severe H1N1 Influenza in mice, improving survival and reducing lung viral levels.

This is from Journal in 2025 at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560602v1

This document discusses a new nasal spray designed to safely and effectively capture and neutralize a wide range of respiratory pathogens, potentially preventing infections without the use of drugs.

- PCANS is a drug-free nasal spray designed to prevent respiratory infections. - It captures and neutralizes pathogens in the nasal cavity. - Demonstrated over 99.99% reduction in pathogen load in studies. - Safe for daily use and shows prolonged nasal retention. - Effective against a broad spectrum of viruses and bacteria. - Potential to complement existing vaccines and enhance public health.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560602v1

The study introduces a new nasal spray designed to effectively capture and neutralize a wide range of respiratory pathogens, offering a promising drug-free method to prevent respiratory infections.

- PCANS is a drug-free nasal spray designed to prevent respiratory infections. - It effectively captures and neutralizes a wide range of pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. - Offers protection within 15 minutes of administration, significantly reducing viral load. - Can be used alongside vaccines to enhance protection against infections. - Demonstrates a long residence time in the nasal cavity, reducing the need for frequent dosing. - Safe for daily use, with minimal side effects compared to other nasal sprays. - Potentially beneficial for high-risk populations and in areas with low vaccination rates.

This is from biorxiv in 2023 at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560602v1.full

A nasal irrigation solution made from hypertonic seawater and natural ingredients significantly reduces the viral load of COVID-19 in patients, helping them test negative more quickly.

- Nasal irrigation with hypertonic seawater solution reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral load in COVID-19 patients. - Patients using the solution tested negative for COVID-19 more frequently after 14 days. - The treatment is safe and can help decrease virus transmission. - Further research is needed to optimize irrigation methods and assess effectiveness against different viruses.

This is from Journal of Personalized Medicine in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10381905/

Scientists have discovered a diverse community of bacteria on the human tongue that plays a crucial role in oral health, highlighting the importance of understanding these microbes for preventing gum disease and tooth decay.

- Biofilms on the tongue consist of various bacteria, visualized using a new technique. - Three key bacteria (Actinomyces, Rothia, Streptococcus) are present in all study participants. - These bacteria may play a role in maintaining oral and overall health. - Understanding bacterial interactions can help address gum disease and tooth decay. - Research could identify microbial targets for health treatments.

This is from Cell Reports in 2020 at https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/news-events/news/2020/microbial-world-top-your-tongue

A new irrigation device for nasal cleaning has been shown to work much better than traditional rinse bottles, effectively removing mucus with a more efficient water flow and design.

- The novel irrigation device is more effective than the classic rinse bottle for nasal irrigation. - It achieves up to 100% irrigation efficiency with lower water volumes and specific head positions. - The device's design allows for a continuous water stream directed to critical areas in the nasal cavity. - The classic rinse bottle has limitations, often leaving residual mucus even with larger water volumes. - Further studies are needed to evaluate the device's clinical significance and patient comfort.

This is from Journal of Otolaryngology in 2023 at https://journalotohns.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40463-022-00575-9

A pilot study found that using hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling can significantly reduce the duration and severity of common cold symptoms in adults.

- Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling (HSNIG) can reduce the duration of common cold symptoms by about 1.9 days. - 87% of participants found HSNIG acceptable; 93% felt it improved their symptoms. - HSNIG led to a 36% reduction in over-the-counter medication use. - There was a 35% decrease in the transmission of the virus to household contacts. - A larger trial is needed to confirm these findings.

This is from Nature in 2022 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37703-3

A strain of probiotic bacteria called Streptococcus salivarius K12 may help improve oral and lung health while boosting the immune response against COVID-19.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12 may improve oral and lung microbiotas. - It can help raise defenses against SARS-CoV-2. - K12 strain shows potential in reducing viral upper respiratory infections. - It stimulates immune responses without causing inflammation. - Healthy lung microbiota correlates with better patient outcomes in COVID-19. - Dysbiosis in lung microbiota can increase susceptibility to infections.

This is from Minerva Medica in 2020 at https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-medica/article.php?cod=R10Y2020N03A0281

Neti Kriya, particularly Jala Neti, is a simple and effective yogic technique that helps improve respiratory health, reduce the need for antibiotics, and enhance mental clarity, making it a valuable addition to both physical and mental well-being.

- Neti Kriya, especially Jala Neti, is effective for managing upper respiratory tract diseases. - It helps alleviate symptoms of sinusitis, rhinitis, and allergic conditions. - Regular practice can improve vision and cognitive functions. - Jala Neti is a safe, cost-effective, non-pharmacological treatment option. - It may reduce the need for antibiotics and other medications. - Further research is needed to validate its efficacy and establish standardized practices.

This is from Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine in 2023 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0975947617306216#bib30

A new cleaning method using hypochlorous acid is more effective and safer than traditional methods for disinfecting gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure rooms, significantly reducing harmful bacteria levels.

- HOCl cleaning and disinfection is more effective than standard methods in GI endoscopic procedure rooms. - HOCl reduces ATP scores significantly after procedures. - Misting with HOCl further improves cleaning results.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6255518/

A simple nasal treatment using 1% ephedrine hydrochloride has shown to effectively relieve dizziness in vertigo patients, with minimal side effects reported.

- 1% ephedrine hydrochloride nasal douche effectively treats vertigo in 74.3% of patients. - Minimal side effects; most common is heaviness of head. - Study conducted on 84 patients, with a random selection process. - Treatment shows potential for various causes of vertigo. - Simple, effective, and inexpensive method.

This is from Auris' Nasus' Larynx in 1989 at URL.

A new sprayable solution containing hypochlorous acid has been shown to effectively kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus, offering a promising method for improving hygiene in the upper respiratory tract.

- AOS2020, a sprayable solution with hypochlorous acid, shows over 99.8% effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 in under 1 minute. - The solution is non-irritating to nasal and oral mucosa. - AOS2020 could potentially reduce viral load in the upper respiratory tract, aiding in COVID-19 treatment. - Further clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety.

This is from European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology in 2023 at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-021-06644-5

This patent describes a stable hypochlorous acid solution that remains effective for at least three months without the need for additional stabilizers, making it useful for disinfection in medical, agricultural, and food processing applications.

- Stable hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution retains antimicrobial activity for at least three months. - Composition has low chloride levels and a pH between 3.5 and 7.0. - Suitable for sterilization in medical, agricultural, and food processing applications. - Non-toxic and non-mutagenic, making it safe for various uses. - Can be produced without the need for additional stabilizers.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103501605B/en?q=(stabilizing+HOCl)&oq=stabilizing+HOCl

The key takeaway from the article is that all living organisms, including humans, should be viewed as complex communities made up of multiple species working together, rather than as isolated individuals, which fundamentally changes our understanding of biology and evolution.

- Homosexuality has significant heritability but low twin concordance. - Fetal androgen signaling influences sexual development. - Reduced androgen sensitivity in XX fetuses and enhanced sensitivity in XY fetuses. - Sex-specific epigenetic modifications (epi-marks) buffer against excess or insufficient androgen exposure. - Epi-marks can influence sexual phenotypes in opposite-sex offspring, leading to homosexuality. - Stronger-than-average SA-epi-marks from one parent can escape erasure and affect the offspring's sexual preference. - Homosexuality is linked to a broader phenomenon of androgen-influenced traits showing gonad-trait discordances.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668166

A new study shows that a synbiotic preparation called SIM01 significantly helps alleviate various symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in patients, suggesting potential benefits for managing this condition.

- SIM01 treatment alleviates multiple symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). - Significant improvements in fatigue, memory loss, concentration difficulty, gastrointestinal upset, and general unwellness. - Treatment linked to positive changes in gut microbiome composition. - Low adverse event rates; similar between SIM01 and placebo groups. - Further studies needed to confirm findings and explore effects on other chronic conditions.

This is from The Lancet in 2023 at https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00685-0/fulltext

A study found that a synbiotic preparation (SIM01) significantly alleviates multiple symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in patients, offering a promising treatment option that targets gut health.

- SIM01, a synbiotic preparation, effectively alleviates multiple symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). - Significant improvements were noted in fatigue, memory loss, concentration difficulties, gastrointestinal upset, and general unwellness after 6 months of treatment. - The treatment is associated with positive changes in gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogenic ones. - SIM01 is considered safe with low adverse event rates. - Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore SIM01's effects on other chronic conditions.

This is from The Lancet in 2023 at https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00685-0/fulltext

A new study finds that specific blood biomarker profiles can predict cognitive problems like 'brain fog' in patients up to a year after being hospitalized for COVID-19.

- Two blood biomarker profiles predict cognitive deficits after COVID-19 hospitalization. - High fibrinogen levels (relative to C-reactive protein) are linked to both objective and subjective cognitive deficits. - Elevated D-dimer levels (relative to C-reactive protein) are associated with subjective cognitive deficits and occupational impacts. - Fatigue and shortness of breath mediate the relationship between D-dimer levels and cognitive outcomes. - Findings are robust and replicated in a large electronic health records dataset.

This is from Nature Medicine in 2023 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02525-y

Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to a significant increase in harmful bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the nasal cavity, which could heighten the risk of secondary infections.

- Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection increases bacterial pathogens in the nasal microbiome. - Notable increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other opportunistic bacteria. - Distinct nasal microbiome observed in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients compared to negative controls. - Infection leads to a robust immune response and potential neuronal damage. - Increased risk of secondary bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients.

This is from Cell Rep in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8361213/

Using air cleaners and HVAC filters can help improve indoor air quality and reduce airborne viruses, but they should be part of a broader strategy that includes proper ventilation and other health precautions, especially for preventing the spread of COVID-19.

- Portable air cleaners can help improve indoor air quality, especially when ventilation is limited. - Air cleaners alone cannot ensure safety from COVID-19; they should be used with other precautions like masks and social distancing. - Choose air cleaners that are HEPA rated or have a high CADR for smoke. - Place air cleaners in rooms where people spend the most time, especially if someone is vulnerable or isolating. - Avoid using air cleaners that generate ozone in occupied spaces. - DIY air cleaners can be effective but are not a permanent substitute for commercial options. - Regularly check and replace filters in air cleaning devices.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/air-cleaners-hvac-filters-and-coronavirus-covid-19

Effective air filtration is crucial in preventing the spread of COVID-19, as SARS-CoV-2 can remain airborne longer than previously thought, making it essential to understand and properly utilize air filter technologies like HEPA filters to enhance indoor air quality and health.

- Air filtration is crucial in controlling the spread of COVID-19. - Proper understanding of air filtration principles is essential for effective use. - SARS-CoV-2 can remain airborne longer than previously thought. - HEPA filters are recommended for effective air filtration. - Masks and air filtration systems are vital in managing COVID-19 spread. - Environmental conditions affect the viability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. - Air pollution is linked to higher COVID-19 mortality rates. - Effective air filtration can improve health outcomes for those exposed to COVID-19.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7644931/

Wearing masks in public is effective at reducing the spread of COVID-19, especially when compliance is high, and it is recommended as a part of broader health strategies.

- Masks reduce COVID-19 transmission by limiting respiratory particles. - Public mask wearing is most effective with high compliance. - Cloth masks recommended due to medical mask shortages. - Focus on source control: infectious individuals wearing masks benefits the population. - Public officials should encourage widespread mask use and appropriate regulations.

This is from PubMed in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33431650/

This study found that hypochlorous acid solution did not effectively kill bacteria in the nasal discharge of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis after soaking for one or five minutes, suggesting that longer exposure might be necessary for antibacterial effects.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution did not show significant antibacterial effects on nasal discharge from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients within 5 minutes. - Bacterial culture rates were similar for HOCl, normal saline, and povidone-iodine solutions. - Alcohol showed better antibacterial activity but still had limitations. - Longer exposure times may be necessary to observe antibacterial effects of HOCl and other solutions. - Further studies are needed to explore the effectiveness of longer soaking durations.

This is from the International Journal of Otolaryngology in 2023 at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijoto/2018/8568694/

A new study shows that a pH-neutral electrolyzed solution can effectively improve oral hygiene and reduce gum inflammation in patients with gum disease when used alongside traditional dental cleaning methods.

- pH-neutral electrolyzed super-oxidized solution (ESS) is effective in reducing plaque and gingival indices in periodontitis patients. - Combining ESS mouthwash and gel with dental scaling improves treatment outcomes compared to saline alone. - ESS shows potential as a safe and effective adjuvant in periodontal treatment. - Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

This is from Heliyon in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9798187/

This study shows that far-UVC light at 222 nm effectively kills various harmful germs, making it a promising option for disinfecting places like hospitals without harming human skin or eyes.

- 222 nm far-UVC light effectively disinfects various pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. - Significant reduction in microbial colonies observed after 30 minutes of exposure at 50 cm distance. - Far-UVC light is safer for human skin and eyes compared to traditional UV light. - Potential applications in healthcare settings to combat hard-to-inactivate pathogens. - Study provides a reliable method for measuring disinfection efficacy.

This is from Biomed Res Int in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630020/

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a potent disinfectant with the potential to prevent infections and support healing, showing promise in medical applications, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective in killing pathogens and has applications in wound care and infection prevention. - It can cause tissue damage and health risks if not used properly, particularly in high concentrations. - HOCl has been approved by the FDA for various medical uses, including wound cleansing and as a sanitizer. - Studies show HOCl can enhance mucosal immunity and reduce viral loads, making it relevant for respiratory infections like COVID-19. - Its use in chronic wound care shows promise, outperforming traditional treatments in some cases. - Regulatory bodies recognize HOCl as safe for various applications, including food sanitation and medical disinfection.

This is from GMS Hyg Infect Control in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10073986/

The review found no completed studies on the effectiveness of antimicrobial mouthwashes and nasal sprays for COVID-19 patients, but identified 16 ongoing studies that may provide future insights into their benefits and risks for both patients and healthcare workers.

- No completed studies found on the use of antimicrobial mouthwashes and nasal sprays for COVID-19 patients. - 16 ongoing studies aim to evaluate various mouthwash and nasal spray interventions. - Potential benefits include reducing viral load and protecting healthcare workers. - Concerns about possible adverse effects, such as loss of smell and changes to oral/nasal microbiota. - Future studies should focus on both efficacy and safety of these interventions.

This is from the Journal in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8187985/

This study shows that non-white blood cells can enhance their ability to fight viruses by using chloride ions to produce a substance called hypochlorous acid, which helps inhibit various types of viral infections.

- Non-myeloid cells can enhance antiviral responses using chloride ions. - Increased sodium chloride (NaCl) levels boost the production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which has antiviral properties. - HOCl inhibits a variety of viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses. - The antiviral mechanism relies on intracellular chloride and is not a direct effect of NaCl on viruses. - This research suggests potential therapeutic applications of NaCl in treating viral infections.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2018 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6134045/

This patent discusses a new method for effectively using aqueous hypohalous acid solutions to safely inactivate highly resistant infectious agents, including viruses and prions, without damaging surfaces or requiring harsh chemicals.

- Aqueous hypohalous acid solutions can effectively inactivate resistant infectious agents. - These solutions are safe for use on skin and mucosal surfaces. - They offer a practical alternative to harsh chemical disinfectants. - The methods require shorter exposure times compared to traditional disinfection methods. - Effective against a wide range of pathogens, including resistant viruses and prions. - Suitable for use in healthcare settings to reduce disease transmission risks.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3773616A2/en?assignee=briotech&oq=briotech

Research suggests a possible connection between periodontitis, a common gum disease, and Alzheimer's disease, indicating that the inflammation caused by gum infections may contribute to the development and progression of Alzheimer's.

- Inflammation links periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease (AD). - Periodontitis may increase AD risk through systemic inflammation. - Bacteria from gum disease can enter the brain, causing inflammation. - Elevated inflammatory markers, like C-reactive protein, are associated with higher AD risk. - Preventing periodontal disease may help reduce systemic health issues, including AD.

This is from the North American Journal of Medical Sciences in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488989/

Improving ventilation in elementary school classrooms can significantly reduce student absences due to illness, while higher levels of indoor air pollution are associated with more frequent absences.

- Higher classroom ventilation rates reduce illness-related absences. - Increased indoor PM2.5 levels are linked to more illness-related absences. - Mechanically ventilated classrooms benefit from controlling indoor particles. - Improved ventilation and lower PM2.5 can enhance attendance and reduce health risks.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412023002179

This article discusses the importance of choosing the right surface disinfectants to effectively eliminate harmful microorganisms, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the need for proper disinfection practices to prevent the spread of infections.

- Phenolic disinfectants are effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses but not against spores. - Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are good for noncritical surfaces but not sporicidal. - Hydrogen peroxide is versatile and effective against many pathogens, including spores. - Ozone is a powerful disinfectant but has safety concerns due to gas exposure. - UV light is effective for disinfection but can cause skin and eye damage. - Antimicrobial surfaces are being developed to prevent microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. - Resistance to disinfectants is a growing concern, necessitating careful use and selection.

This is from Antibiotics (Basel) in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8224088/

A study found that nasal saline irrigation can improve asthma and allergic rhinitis symptoms in children, making it a beneficial treatment option.

- Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) may improve asthma and allergic rhinitis in children. - Significant improvement in bronchial responsiveness (PC20) observed in the NSI group. - Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores increased after 12 weeks of NSI. - Quality of life scores for allergic rhinitis decreased in the NSI group. - No significant changes in the control group.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31012599/

Nasal saline irrigations may help reduce the severity and transmission of COVID-19, but there are concerns about potential risks, including contamination of rinse bottles and surfaces, so good hygiene practices are essential.

- Nasal saline irrigations may help reduce viral severity and transmission of COVID-19. - Hypertonic saline (HS) is more beneficial than isotonic saline for sinonasal issues. - Povidone-iodine may reduce viral load in the nasal cavity. - Good hand hygiene and decontamination of surfaces are crucial to prevent infection. - Saline irrigations are generally safe for patients with COVID-19. - Continued use of steroid irrigations is encouraged for chronic rhinosinusitis patients.

This is from JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery in 2022 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2768627

Nasal irrigation can significantly improve nasal and chest symptoms in patients with severe asthma, making it an effective and low-cost treatment option with minimal side effects.

- Nasal irrigation improves nasal symptoms in 88% of severe asthma patients. - 62% reported improvement in chest symptoms. - Statistically significant reductions in SNOTT and ACQ scores after treatment. - Few side effects reported; effective and inexpensive intervention. - Should be recommended in severe asthma clinics.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://thorax.bmj.com/content/71/Suppl_3/A151.3

Hypochlorous acid, known as "The Miracle Molecule," is a powerful skincare ingredient that helps treat various skin issues, supports the body's natural defenses, and is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a natural immune molecule produced by the body. - Effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it suitable for all skin types. - Helps reduce blemishes, treat acne, soothe eczema, and reverse signs of aging. - Supports skin's natural defenses without harming its microbiome. - Aids in treating dermatitis caused by mask-wearing. - Ensures maximum benefits when manufactured under medical-grade conditions. - Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects beneficial for chronic skin conditions. - Used by dermatologists to prepare skin for treatments and assist post-procedure healing.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://thoclor.com/benefits-hocl/?v=e4dd286dc7d7

A new study suggests that blood clotting proteins may help predict and diagnose brain fog in long COVID patients, indicating that these cognitive issues could be linked to blood clots triggered by the virus.

- Blood clots may contribute to long COVID symptoms like brain fog. - Elevated levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen proteins in blood are linked to cognitive issues. - Existing blood tests could help diagnose and predict long COVID. - Fibrinogen may affect brain function, possibly leading to dementia-like symptoms. - Blood-thinning medications might alleviate some long COVID symptoms but require careful use. - More research is needed to understand the relationship between COVID and blood clotting proteins.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blood-clotting-proteins-might-help-predict-long-covid-brain-fog/

This study presents a new and convenient method for synthesizing N-Chlorotaurine, highlighting its stability and effectiveness as an antimicrobial agent.

This is from Journal in 2025 at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2024/8959915

Doctors in Cambridge were astonished to find that a standard air filter could significantly reduce airborne coronavirus particles in an intensive care unit.

- Standard air filters can significantly reduce airborne virus particles, including coronavirus. - Tests conducted at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge confirmed the effectiveness of air filtration. - The research involved collaboration with the University of Cambridge. - Results surprised the medical team, indicating a potential for cleaner air in public spaces.

This is from BBC News in 2023 at https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-cambridgeshire-59490424

A small study suggests that applying Neosporin in the nose may help trigger an immune response that could protect against respiratory viruses, but more research is needed before it can be recommended as a preventive measure.

- Neosporin may trigger an immune response that helps repel respiratory viruses. - Study suggests it could serve as an extra layer of protection against illnesses like COVID-19 and flu. - More research is needed to confirm effectiveness in preventing infections. - Concerns about antibiotic resistance and proper application methods exist. - Potential benefits for vulnerable populations if proven effective.

This is from Time in 2024 at https://time.com/6971392/neosporin-covid-19-antiviral-study/#

A specific oral bacteriotherapy significantly improved the health of COVID-19 patients, reducing symptoms and the risk of respiratory failure, highlighting the importance of gut health in fighting the virus.

- Oral bacteriotherapy can improve clinical conditions in COVID-19 patients. - Patients receiving bacteriotherapy showed faster symptom relief, including diarrhea. - Risk of respiratory failure was significantly lower in patients treated with bacteriotherapy. - Higher mortality and ICU transfer rates were observed in patients not receiving bacteriotherapy. - The gut-lung axis plays an important role in managing COVID-19.

This is from Journal in 2020 at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00389/full

The DIY Corsi-Rosenthal Box air filter, which uses MERV-13 filters and a box fan, effectively reduces indoor air pollution and offers a cost-efficient alternative to commercial air purifiers.

- DIY Corsi-Rosenthal Box air filter effectively reduces indoor particle concentrations. - Clean air delivery rate (CADR) increases with fan speed, reaching up to 850 ft³/min. - Cost-efficient: CADR is <$0.072 per ft³/min, much lower than commercial HEPA filters. - Noise level ranges from 58 dB (low speed) to 67 dB (high speed). - Low-cost sensors can provide reliable performance measurements for DIY air filters.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02786826.2022.2054674

Improving indoor air quality through proper ventilation, filtration, and monitoring can significantly reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission and other respiratory illnesses.

- Proper ventilation and air filtration are crucial to prevent COVID-19 spread indoors. - Disinfecting surfaces is less effective than improving air quality. - COVID-19 primarily spreads through inhaling aerosols, not surface contact. - Regularly replacing indoor air can dilute virus concentration. - HEPA filters and high MERV-rated filters are recommended for effective air purification. - Monitoring CO2 levels can indicate air quality and ventilation effectiveness. - Germicidal UV lights can help kill airborne viruses but must be installed correctly. - Economic costs of infections can outweigh the costs of implementing air quality controls.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-covid-air-spread-indoor-clean-ventilation-filtration

This patent describes a stable cleaning solution that effectively sterilizes and cleans surfaces by generating hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions using a unique electrolysis method, making it safe and easy to produce for use in various settings, including dental care.

- Development of a stable cleaning solution with high hypochlorous acid concentration. - Effective against bacteria and viruses. - Produced using a diaphragm-free electrolysis process. - Residual chlorine concentration between 500 ppm to 2000 ppm. - pH range of 8.5 to 9.5 for stability. - Suitable for small-scale production in hospitals and dental clinics. - Enhances sterilizing ability when pH decreases during use.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US10194665B2/en

This document emphasizes the importance of regularly caring for your nose, as it plays a crucial role in filtering the air we breathe and maintaining overall health.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://archive.org/details/clearingaironeno0000solo

A preliminary study suggests that the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 may help improve outcomes and reduce mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients by positively influencing their oral and lung microbiota.

- S. salivarius K12 improved blood parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. - Reduced death rate in patients treated with S. salivarius K12 compared to standard care. - Suggests potential therapeutic role of oral probiotics in managing COVID-19. - Further studies needed to confirm findings and explore mechanisms.

This is from Microorganisms in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9609702/

A study found that a nitric oxide nasal spray can significantly reduce the viral load in patients with mild COVID-19, potentially speeding up recovery and decreasing the risk of transmission.

- Nitric oxide nasal spray (NONS) shows effectiveness in reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in mild COVID-19 patients. - Significant reduction in viral load observed within 24 to 72 hours of treatment. - Patients treated with NONS reported faster symptom resolution compared to placebo. - No serious adverse events noted in either treatment group. - Study supports potential emergency use of NONS for mild COVID-19 infections.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445321002516

This clinical practice guideline emphasizes the importance of nasal irrigation as a first-line treatment for adults with chronic rhinosinusitis, providing evidence-based recommendations to improve patient care and outcomes.

- Nasal irrigation is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). - The guideline provides 11 key action statements for effective nasal irrigation practices. - Isotonic saline is preferred for nasal irrigation due to cost, convenience, and safety. - Room-temperature saline is recommended for effectiveness, while heated saline (up to 40°C) is acceptable if preferred. - Steroid solutions may be beneficial for patients post-endoscopic sinus surgery. - Antibiotic and antifungal solutions are not recommended for routine use in nasal irrigation. - Proper preparation of irrigation fluid is crucial to prevent infections. - High-volume nasal irrigation is more effective than low-volume methods. - Equipment should be regularly disinfected to avoid contamination. - Head positioning can influence the effectiveness of nasal irrigation.

This is from Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8901942/

The study compared the efficacy of super-oxidized solution (SOS) with normal saline in peritonitis cases and found that SOS reduced wound pain and infection rates, resulting in early recovery without requiring special training for handling.

- Super Oxidized Solution (SOS) is a useful adjuvant therapy in peritonitis cases. - SOS is safe and effective in reducing postoperative complications like wound infection and pain. - SOS requires no special handling or disposal. - SOS has been shown to reduce signs of inflammation and promote healing. - SOS has broad microbiocidal activity and can be used to prevent hospital-acquired infections.

This is from Maedica (Bucur). 2016 Dec; 11(4): 277–285. Link

This study compared the effectiveness of a water flosser and regular floss in removing plaque after single use and found that the water flosser was as efficient as regular floss in removing interdental plaque, making it a good alternative for those who may struggle with manual dexterity or have fixed prostheses or orthodontic appliances.

- Water flosser was found to be as efficient as regular floss in removing interdental plaque on single use. - Water flosser could be recommended for subjects lacking manual dexterity, by care takers for better plaque control and subjects with fixed prostheses or undergoing orthodontic treatment.

This is from Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8236551/.

This study compares the efficacy of water flosser and regular floss in removing plaque after a single use, and finds that water flosser is as effective as regular floss, which could be recommended for subjects lacking manual dexterity, by care takers for better plaque control and subjects with fixed prostheses or undergoing orthodontic treatment.

- Water flosser is as efficient as regular floss in removing interdental plaque on single use. - Water flosser could be recommended for subjects lacking manual dexterity, by care takers for better plaque control and subjects with fixed prostheses or undergoing orthodontic treatment.

This is from Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences in 2021 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1013905221000328.

A study found that slightly acidic hypochlorous acid (HOCl) mouthwash is more effective than chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in reducing bad breath and bacterial activity in the mouth, making it a safer and more pleasant option for oral care.

- HOCl mouthwash is effective in reducing halitosis and dental plaque compared to CHX. - HOCl shows significant decreases in harmful bacteria associated with periodontal diseases. - CHX has side effects like strong taste and tooth discoloration, making it less convenient. - HOCl is safe for long-term use and has strong disinfectant properties. - Using HOCl can improve oral health and prevent dental diseases more effectively than CHX.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/comparison-of-the-preventive-effects-of-slightly-acidic-hocl-mouthwash-and-chx-mouthwash-for-oral-diseases-10156.html

This study used computational fluid dynamics to compare the effectiveness of using a Neti Pot versus a squeeze bottle for nasal saline irrigation, finding that the Neti Pot provided better coverage in the paranasal sinuses but at the expense of reduced flow and shearing rates, while the squeeze bottle provided greater surface coverage on the side of irrigation.

- Neti Pot irrigation is more effective in delivering saline solution to the nasal cavity on the contralateral side of irrigation due to typically larger volumes but at the expense of reduced flow and shearing rates. - Squeeze bottle irrigation provided greater surface coverage on the side of irrigation. - The Neti Pot increased surface coverage in the paranasal sinuses. - Reducing the jet diameter may aid the direct targeting of a specific region at the side of irrigation by preventing the impingement of the jet to the nasal passage surface and redirection of the flow.

This is from International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology in 2023 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169260722006046?via%3Dihub.

This article provides information for the general public on how proper ventilation and air conditioning can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 in homes, offices, schools, and airplanes.

- Ventilation is an important factor in preventing the spread of COVID-19. - Natural ventilation is preferred over mechanical ventilation. - Air conditioning can be used safely with proper maintenance and regular cleaning. - High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can be used to improve air quality. - When traveling on airplanes, wearing a mask and following recommended ventilation measures can reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission.

This is from WHO in 2023 at https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-ventilation-and-air-conditioning.

A homemade air filter made from a box fan, cardboard, tape, and furnace filters, known as the Corsi-Rosenthal box, may be an effective and affordable way to improve indoor air quality by removing pollutants and viruses like COVID-19, according to early research.

- A good filtration system can help protect you and your family from allergens, indoor pollutants like smoke, and viruses like COVID-19. - Richard Corsi, PhD, of the University of California-Davis and Jim Rosenthal, CEO of Tex-Air Filters, have created a type of homemade air filter that costs less than a third of the price of many HEPA devices. - Some early research suggests these DIY air cleaners, made from cardboard, tape, furnace filters, and a box fan, might be more effective in some ways than HEPA purifiers. - Experts say they could offer a simple solution to improve air quality in our homes, classrooms, and workplaces, which aren’t always well-ventilated. - One study looked at how well Corsi-Rosenthal boxes removed chemicals from the air in an academic building at Brown University. In the 2-month period when the boxes were used, concentrations of certain PFAS (chemicals found in cleaning products and textiles) went down by 40%-60%. At the same time, concentrations of phthalates (from personal-care products and building materials) went down 30%-60%. - According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the best ways to improve indoor air quality are to remove sources of pollutants (like cleaning chemicals or cigarette smoke) and ventilate your space with outdoor air.

This is from WebMD in 2023 at https://www.webmd.com/allergies/corsi-rosenthal-box.

Using saline nasal irrigation and antimicrobial oral rinses may help reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection by lowering the viral load in the nasal cavities and oral fluids, offering additional preventive measures alongside traditional public health strategies.

- Nasal irrigation and oral rinses may reduce COVID-19 risk. - Saline nasal irrigations (SNIs) can lower viral load in nasal cavities. - Oral rinses with antimicrobial agents can reduce viral load in oral fluids. - Both methods should complement existing public health measures. - More research is needed to confirm effectiveness in preventing COVID-19.

This is from the International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7436790/

Air filtration, avoidance of recirculation of air, enhanced particle filtration by suitable air filters, and air disinfection can control COVID-19 infection transmission in indoor spaces, and the use of HEPA filters, UVC light, and natural ventilation are effective methods for reducing the spread of the virus.

- Effective ventilation, avoidance of recirculation of air, enhanced particle filtration by suitable air filters and air disinfection can control COVID-19 transmission. - Opening windows can increase natural ventilation and dilute indoor air, reducing infection spread. - Indoor air purifiers with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can filter contaminated indoor air, but must be replaced regularly. - Far-UVC light is recommended for single rooms without air conditioning, while a combination of HEPA filter and UVC light can reduce bacterial and virus load significantly in air-conditioned rooms. - The supply or outdoor air should be filtered by a filter and then mixed with the recirculated air and supplied to the room through the HEPA filters. - The ASHRAE recommends HVAC systems with a minimum efficiency of Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value-13 (MERV-13) to filter even very small particles.

This is from BMC Infectious Diseases in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8234247/.

A study suggests that hydrating the upper airways with calcium-rich salts can significantly reduce COVID-19 symptoms and the generation of respiratory droplets, potentially offering a simple, non-drug approach to improve respiratory health.

- Targeted hydration of the nose, larynx, and trachea can reduce COVID-19 symptoms. - Calcium-rich hypertonic salts significantly decrease respiratory droplet generation. - Hydration improves oxygen saturation in COVID-19 patients. - Self-reported symptoms decline with hydration treatment. - Non-drug approach may help mitigate respiratory disease risks.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08609-y

The study explores how similarities between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and commensal microbiota can lead to cross-regulation of antibody responses, potentially impacting immune responses and vaccine development.

- Antibodies produced against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein may also cross-react with commensal microbiota. - This cross-reactivity is due to molecular mimicry, where similar structures in the Spike protein and commensal bacteria trigger the immune response. - The presence of cross-reactive antibodies may have implications for both the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and the maintenance of a healthy microbiota. - Further research is needed to understand the extent and consequences of cross-regulation between antibody responses and commensal microbiota.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2023 at Link.

This document describes a new system for producing pure hypochlorous acid on-site, remotely controlled, and designed for various applications, addressing issues of stability and safety in traditional manufacturing methods.

- Deployable, remote-controlled system for manufacturing pure hypochlorous acid (HOCl). - Produces high potency, safe, and stable HOCl without contaminants. - Utilizes electrolysis with controlled water flow and feedback mechanisms. - Addresses global challenges like pandemics and water shortages. - Offers real-time monitoring and diagnostics via remote communication. - Designed for easy operation by untrained personnel. - Capable of producing clean drinking water alongside HOCl.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2022032115A2/en?assignee=briotech&oq=briotech

This study investigated the effectiveness of using Physiomer, an undiluted seawater nasal spray, to reduce the duration of nasal symptoms in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 or URTIs, by mechanically evacuating nasal secretions containing the viruses and reducing contact time between the viruses and the nasal mucosa.

- Physiomer, an undiluted isotonic seawater nasal spray, may reduce the duration of nasal symptoms caused by mild to moderate COVID-19 and URTIs. - Nasal saline irrigations can reduce the duration of infectious episodes and relieve symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) caused by various respiratory viruses including coronaviruses. - Preliminary data showed that daily nasal wash can significantly reduce symptom duration in subjects with mild and moderate forms of COVID-19. - The study will take place in France among adults subjects who developed nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea no more than 48 hours before study inclusion. - The study will evaluate the effectiveness of Physiomer on reducing the duration of nasal symptoms (nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea) in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 and URTIs.

This is from Clinical Trials Registry in 2023 at https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT04916639.

Southeast Asian countries, particularly Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, have effectively controlled the spread of COVID-19 through a combination of traditional practices like nasal rinsing and swift governmental actions, despite the lack of WHO validation for these methods.

- Nasal rinsing, linked to Hatha Yoga, is popular in some ASEAN countries but not validated by WHO. - ASEAN nations have low Covid-19 cases due to effective policies and quick actions. - Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos managed to keep cases under control with proactive measures. - Thailand utilized village health representatives for community monitoring. - Vietnam enforced early containment and strict lockdowns, with zero deaths. - Cambodia's rural population density helped limit virus spread. - Laos has low cases and benefited from regional cooperation among ASEAN countries.

This is from India Today in 2022 at https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/did-nasal-rinsing-help-asean-control-pandemic-or-swift-action-1703801-2020-07-24

Disinfectants play a crucial role in maintaining a safe and sterile environment in interventional practices, reducing the risk of infections and ensuring patient safety.

This is from Springer in 2021 at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-021-00938-3.

This thesis explores the potential of on-site production of hypochlorous acid for disinfection applications, including wastewater treatment and sanitization of dental operating rooms.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a powerful disinfectant that can be easily produced from the electrolysis of sodium chloride. - HOCl has a wide variety of applications, including wound care, eye care, pet care, horticulture, and wastewater treatment. - An on-site chlorination generator was fabricated and integrated into the Biddeford Pool Wastewater Treatment Plant in December 2022. - A finite element model was developed to predict room coverage with HOCl fog as a function of carrier gas velocity and position for the removal of airborne pathogens in a dental clinic by fogging. - The model should estimate the fogging time and concentration to disinfect a room. - The next step would incorporate a kinetic model for HOCl fog destruction including reaction and evaporation.

This is from Electronic Theses and Dissertations in 2023 at https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3775.

Hypochlorous acid is a safer and more effective disinfectant compared to traditional bleach (sodium hypochlorite) because it penetrates cell walls easily and does not repel germs, making it a better choice for cleaning.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is 80 to 120 times more effective than sodium hypochlorite (bleach). - HOCl has no charge, allowing it to penetrate cell walls of germs more easily. - Higher pH levels decrease the effectiveness of HOCl. - HOCl has a pH similar to water, tricking germs into allowing it inside. - Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) can be effective but is unsafe to handle due to its high pH. - Bleach can cause adverse effects on health and materials.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://annihilare.com/disinfection-with-hypochlorous-vs-sodium-hypochlorite-traditional-bleach/

The Corsi-Rosenthal box is a cost-effective DIY air filter made from MERV13 furnace filters and a box fan that can help clear indoor air from airborne virus particles, wildfire smoke, pollen, dust, and more.

- DIY box fan filters can help clean indoor air from airborne virus particles, wildfire smoke, pollen, dust, and more. - The Corsi-Rosenthal box is a cost-effective and efficient air cleaner. - The box fan filter can be built using a box fan and MERV13 filters. - There are various modifications and designs available for the box fan filter. - The box fan filter has been used in classrooms and homes to improve indoor air quality.

This is from Clean Air Crew in 2023 at https://cleanaircrew.org/box-fan-filters/.

Saline water gargling and nasal irrigation may help reduce the risk of COVID-19 by targeting the virus in the upper respiratory tract, despite limited evidence of their effectiveness.

- Limited evidence on saline gargling and nasal irrigation's effectiveness against COVID-19. - These methods are simple, economical, and globally implementable. - Previous studies suggest potential benefits in reducing viral load and preventing infections. - Saline solutions may help clear pathogens from the upper respiratory tract. - Considered harmless and can be easily practiced by individuals, especially in home quarantine. - Further clinical studies are needed for conclusive evidence.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7528968/

Cleaning your tongue, either by gentle brushing or using a tongue scraper, is an important part of maintaining good oral hygiene that can improve breath, taste, and overall health.

- Tongue scraping can remove harmful bacteria that inflames your gums as well as prevent cavities. - Improved taste. When you scrape off the surface of your tongue, it’s almost as if you’re starting with an entirely fresh palette. - Fresher breath. So much odor-causing bacteria lives on your tongue. - Taking good care of your oral hygiene is essential to your overall well-being.

This is from Cleveland Clinic in 2023 at https://health.clevelandclinic.org/does-tongue-scraping-actually-work-and-should-i-be-doing-it/.

Using a relatively low-cost "do-it-yourself" air filter (Corsi-Rosenthal Box) can reduce indoor air concentrations of certain chemicals, including PFAS and phthalates, which are commonly found in office building materials and products, but may result in slightly higher sound levels.

- A low-cost "do-it-yourself" air filter (Corsi-Rosenthal Box; CR Box) reduces exposure to several lower-volatility phthalates and sulfonated PFAS previously found in office building materials and products. - Concentrations of seven PFAS and five phthalates were 28-62% lower while CR Boxes were deployed. - Concentrations of five PFAS and one phthalate increased 23-44% during the intervention period, but the 95% CI of most of these estimates included the null. - Daytime sound levels increased 5.0 dB when CR Boxes were operating.

This is from Environmental Science & Technology in 2022 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36562547/.

Saline solution gargling and nasal rinsing have been studied in a double-blind randomized controlled trial for their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing valuable insights for non-specialist readers.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2023 at this link.

Saline solution gargling and nasal rinsing have shown potential as simple and safe interventions in reducing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, according to a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

This is from Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology in 2023. Link

A new drug-free nasal spray called AM-301 has been found to be safe and highly effective in reducing the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta variant in lab tests, suggesting it could serve as a protective barrier against COVID-19.

This is from Int J Mol Sci in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8999825/

Early use of azelastine nasal spray in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 may significantly reduce viral load and improve treatment outcomes.

- Early use of azelastine nasal spray may lower viral load in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. - The study suggests potential benefits of azelastine in managing COVID-19 symptoms. - Results indicate a need for further research on azelastine's effectiveness in COVID-19 treatment.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2024 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-32546-z

A nasal spray containing hypochlorous acid may be a convenient alternative to traditional saline irrigation for patients recovering from sinus surgery, as it showed similar benefits in reducing symptoms and improving health outcomes.

- HOCl nasal spray is effective as an alternative to normal saline nasal irrigation after sinus surgery. - Both treatments showed benefits, but HOCl spray is more convenient for patients. - Further research is needed to explore long-term effects of HOCl on nasal health.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196070921003653

The study investigated the effect of nasal irrigation on children infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19, finding that timely use of saline nasal irrigation may promote nucleic acid conversion and reduce symptom duration in children with the Omicron virus infection.

- Nasal irrigation can be beneficial for adults infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19. - Nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline has been shown to be effective in treating chronic rhinosinusitis. - Nasal irrigation can improve mucociliary activity in various nasal pathologies. - Nasal saline irrigation is safe and can be considered as a treatment option for COVID-19. - Nasal saline irrigation may help in washing away COVID-19. - Nasal saline irrigation is beneficial for children with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis.

This is from Journal of Pediatrics in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10290932/

The study investigated the effect of probiotics on the innate inflammatory response and viral shedding in experimental rhinovirus infection, finding that the administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis Bl-04 resulted in a reduction in the inflammatory response and viral shedding in the upper respiratory tract of human volunteers.

- Ingestion of the probiotic may be associated with an increased CXCL8 response in the nose at baseline that modifies the response to infection. - The probiotic Bl-04 may have reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions. - Probiotics have been shown to induce expression of antiviral responses in vitro and in animal models. - Probiotic supplementation may have a potential for preventing viral respiratory infection and illness. - Further investigations are needed to determine the effects of specific probiotics on innate immune function in the human host.

This is from Benef Microbes in 2017 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797652/

Neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) can be a stable sanitizer when stored at low temperatures and in closed containers with a low surface area-to-volume ratio, which is important for its large-scale application in industries such as horticulture. The antimicrobial efficacy of NEW is influenced by factors such as available chlorine concentration (ACC), oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and pH, and it can effectively reduce bacterial counts when stored under optimal conditions.

- The stability of Undiluted Neutral Electrolyzed Water (NEW) is higher at lower temperatures (4°C) and in closed containers with a low surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio. - The antimicrobial effects of aged EO water depend primarily on the concentration of available chlorine (ACC) rather than oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH. - The results are useful for the food industry to preserve the stability of NEW as a sanitizer.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X2210640X?via%3Dihub

A study found that 222-nm ultraviolet light can effectively reduce the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on surfaces, making it a potentially useful tool for disinfecting areas to help prevent COVID-19 transmission.

- 222-nm UVC light effectively disinfects surfaces contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. - Chronic exposure to 222-nm UVC light does not cause DNA damage or skin lesions in mice. - Long-term use of 222-nm UVC light sterilizing lamps is safe for mice. - 222-nm UVC light inactivates a wide range of microbial pathogens. - Far-UVC light can help control airborne transmission of diseases.

This is from AJIC in 2024 at https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/s0196-6553(20)30809-9/fulltext

This systematic review of evidence suggests that wearing masks, wearing higher quality masks (respirators), and mask mandates generally reduced the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, although the quality of the studies analyzed was often poor and did not account for the highly transmissible Omicron variants.

- Testing, contact tracing, and isolation can substantially reduce the transmission of infection and improve public health outcomes. - The majority of studies suggest a considerable impact of testing, followed by isolation and treatment of detected individuals. - Contact tracing is a method of identifying potential secondary cases and can reduce the population-level growth rate or levels of infection. - There is a clear need for more robustly designed experimental studies to inform TTI design and quantify TTI impact across diverse populations, over different levels of compliance, over different time periods, and for different epidemiological characteristics. - More research is required to fully elucidate the epidemiological consequences of TTI under different scenarios, as well as the broader costs and benefits of different approaches to TTI.

This is from Royal Society Publishing in 2023 at https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2023.0133.

HEPA filters can effectively remove infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the air, providing insights into the proper use and performance of air filtration technologies to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

- HEPA filters can effectively remove infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the air. - HEPA filters with an antiviral agent coating have a capture ratio comparable to conventional HEPA filters. - Proper use of HEPA-filtered air cleaners can help prevent the spread of COVID-19.

This is from the journal "Nature Communications" in 2021 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35947419/.

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) has been shown to effectively reduce harmful bacteria like E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, making it a promising and safer alternative to traditional disinfectants.

- Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is more effective than sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for reducing bacteria like E. coli and P. aeruginosa at the same chlorine concentration. - SAEW reduced E. coli counts by over 4.5 log10 CFU/mL and P. aeruginosa by over 4.4 log10 CFU/mL. - SAEW can effectively reduce airborne bacteria, with 20 mg/L eliminating S. epidermidis in just 1 minute. - SAEW is environmentally friendly and poses low health risks, making it suitable for use in food industries and public spaces.

This is from PeerJ in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7034383/

This study found that using tongue cleaners, specifically plastic ones, can effectively reduce the bacterial load on the tongue, which can improve breath odor and overall oral health.

- Tongue cleaners are effective in reducing tongue coating and bacterial load on the tongue dorsum. - Plastic tongue cleaners were found to be the most effective in reducing bacterial load. - The study may be helpful for dentists in prescribing tongue cleaners to their patients.

This is from PubMed in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31308274/.

A low concentration solution of hypochlorous acid can effectively kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses, making it a useful option for nasal irrigation in patients with chronic sinusitis.

- Low concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective for nasal irrigation. - It shows over 99% bactericidal and fungicidal activity for most tested microorganisms. - No toxicity observed in human nasal cells after treatment. - Significant reduction in human influenza A virus was achieved.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1097/MLG.0b013e31817f4d34

Corsi-Rosenthal boxes, a DIY indoor air filter, were found to be effective in reducing a wide range of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants, according to a study that employed non-targeted and suspect screening analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry.

- Corsi-Rosenthal boxes, a do-it-yourself indoor air filter, may have potential co-benefits of reducing indoor air contaminant levels. - Do-it-yourself Corsi-Rosenthal boxes are an effective means for improving indoor air quality by reducing a wide range of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants.

This is from The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37414869/.

The study investigated the effect of hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation (HANI) on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients, and found that HANI resulted in a significant decrease in the nasopharyngeal viral load, suggesting it may be a promising modality for COVID-19 treatment.

- Hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation may have an effect on COVID-19 transmission. - Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to healthcare workers is a concern. - The respiratory tract microbiome plays a role in respiratory health. - Air pollution may contribute to COVID-19 mortality. - Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling may be beneficial for the common cold. - The stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions is an important factor. - COVID-19 is a dangerous disease. - Viral load dynamics and duration of viral shedding are important factors in COVID-19. - Saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs can be used for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2. - Hydroxychloroquine may not have an effect on SARS-CoV-2 load in the nasopharynx. - Hydroxychloroquine has been studied as a potential treatment for COVID-19, but results are mixed. - Povidone iodine mouthwash may be effective against SARS-CoV-2. - Viral load dynamics in sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs are important for understanding COVID-19.

This is from Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. in 2021. You can find the article here.

Hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation may be beneficial in reducing the severity and duration of COVID-19 symptoms, according to a study published in the Journal of Medical Research.

This is from PMC in 2023 at Link.

The health of our nasal microbiome plays a crucial role in preventing respiratory infections and allergies, as imbalances can lead to diseases like asthma and otitis media.

- Nasal microbiota varies with age and is influenced by various factors. - Dysbiosis (imbalance) in nasal microbiota is linked to respiratory diseases like otitis media, sinusitis, and allergic conditions. - Understanding nasal microbiota can help predict disease and improve treatment strategies. - Probiotics may play a role in managing nasal dysbiosis and improving respiratory health.

This is from Clin Exp Pediatr in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8566799/

This article discusses the importance of building ventilation in reducing the risk of indoor transmission of COVID-19, and explains how airflows can affect the spread of the virus. The authors suggest that high levels of CO2 can be used as an indicator of the potential presence of the virus in the air, and that poor ventilation can contribute to the transmission of other airborne diseases as well.

- COVID-19 can spread through the air indoors. - Proper ventilation can help reduce the spread of COVID-19. - Heavy breathing, coughing, and talking can expel droplets that contain the virus. - These droplets can travel farther than 6 feet and can remain in the air for several minutes. - The risk of transmission is higher in poorly ventilated indoor spaces. - CO2 sensors can be used to monitor ventilation. - The WHO recommends increasing ventilation and avoiding recirculation of air in public spaces.

This is from Journal of Fluid Mechanics in 2020 at https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/effects-of-ventilation-on-the-indoor-spread-of-covid19/CF272DAD7C27DC44F6A9393B0519CAE3.

Water flossing as an adjunct to toothbrushing effectively alleviates gingival inflammation and reduces oral malodor, possibly by depleting oral anaerobes and altering the oral microbiota to a more aerobic phenotype.

- Water flossing can reduce gingival inflammation and plaque buildup. - Water flossing can alter the composition of the oral microbiota. - Water flossing may be more effective than traditional flossing in improving gingival health. - Periodontal disease is associated with halitosis (bad breath). - The subgingival microbiome (bacteria below the gumline) is different in individuals with periodontitis compared to healthy individuals.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212231/.

A handheld disinfection device using far UV-C light effectively reduces harmful bacteria on hospital surfaces, making it a useful alternative when traditional cleaning methods are not feasible.

- The FFUV handheld device significantly reduces microbial pathogens on hospital surfaces. - It achieved an estimated 81.4% reduction in colony counts compared to manual disinfection. - The device is particularly useful when manual disinfection is not feasible. - FFUV can supplement traditional cleaners and disinfectants.

This is from Elsevier Inc. in 2024 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37172646/

A study has shown that biocide treated air filters can effectively kill bacteria, fungi and viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and maintain their structure and filtration function while also being durable and maintaining antimicrobial activity throughout their operational lifetime, making them a potential tool to prevent airborne transmission of respiratory diseases in public spaces such as public transport.

- Antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters can be effective in preventing the spread of airborne pathogens. - The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust ISSF award, Royal Academy of Engineering Award, and an MRC Proximity to Discovery award. - The authors acknowledge financial support for this work by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Grant codes: EP/P029868/1 and EP/S021434/1. - The article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. - The study was conducted by researchers from the University of Birmingham, University of Nottingham, and NitroPep Ltd.

This is from Nature in 2022 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-06579-9

Ef-Chlor, a product manufactured by Hind Pharma, containing Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), is an effective and safe compound used for water purification, disinfection, and sterilization, offering protection against a wide range of disease-causing pathogens and contributing to improving global health conditions by providing clean drinking water.

- Ef-Chlor (NaDCC) tablets are an effective and fast way to purify water. - NaDCC is safer, non-toxic, stable, and efficient compared to other compounds used for water purification. - Ef-Chlor tablets have a higher shelf life and are more stable compared to other chlorinated products. - Ef-Chlor tablets can be used as a multipurpose disinfectant and are applicable in various fields to improve water quality. - Hind Pharma is the manufacturer of Ef-Chlor tablets, which are exported to more than 40 countries.

This is from International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications in 2024 at this link

The evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyses suggests that medical face masks are effective in reducing respiratory transmissions, and universal mask-wearing should be applied-especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

- Face masks are a common and practical control measure used globally to reduce the risk of infection and disease transmission. - Evidence was weak and inconsistent in the efficacy of face masks in preventing respiratory infections. - Participants with fit-tested N95 respirators were likely to have lesser infection risk. - Participants donning double-layered cloth masks were prone to infection. - Medical face masks (MFMs) were found to have protective benefits in reducing respiratory transmissions. - Universal mask-wearing should be applied, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. - Cloth masks should not be used in outbreak hot spots and places where social distancing is impossible.

This is from IOP Publishing Ltd. in 2021 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407516/.

This study found that hypochlorous acid fogging can effectively sanitize surfaces against Enterococcus faecalis, a persistent source of infection, with continuous fogging being the most effective method of application.

- Fogging with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an efficient method for disinfecting large areas. - Ultrasonic fogging with continuous application is the most effective mode of application for HOCl fogging against Enterococcus faecalis. - The optimal pulsed fogging protocol produced a similar reduction, but required nearly 5 times as long. - The home synthesized versions of HOCl yielded much lower log bacterial reductions. - No significant differences in outcome were determined between polymer or metal surfaces.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2022 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019665532200150X.

A study found that inhaling N-chlorotaurine can significantly improve survival rates and reduce fungal infection in mice with pneumonia caused by Lichtheimia corymbifera, although it was less effective against Aspergillus fumigatus.

- Inhaled N-chlorotaurine (NCT) significantly improved survival rates in mice with Lichtheimia corymbifera pneumonia. - 77.8% of mice treated with NCT survived, compared to 11.1% in the control group. - NCT treatment reduced fungal load and improved inflammation markers. - No significant effect was observed in mice with Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia, likely due to high inoculum levels. - NCT was well-tolerated with no adverse effects noted. - The study highlights NCT's potential as an effective treatment for certain fungal pneumonias.

This is from Journal of Fungi in 2022 at https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/5/535

A study found that using isotonic saline nasal wash with seawater can help children recover faster from cold symptoms and reduce the chances of getting sick again.

- Isotonic nasal saline wash improves nasal symptoms in children with colds. - Saline wash reduces the recurrence of upper respiratory infections (URTIs). - Children using saline required less medication compared to those not using it. - Saline wash leads to fewer days of illness and school absences. - The treatment is well-tolerated with minimal complaints.

This is from JAMA Otolaryngology in 2023 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/article-abstract/221846

A study found that using a nasal irrigation and oral rinse with a 5% sodium bicarbonate solution helps COVID-19 patients clear the virus more effectively compared to standard care alone.

- Nasal irrigation and oral rinse with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution effectively clear the virus in COVID-19 patients. - Average negative conversion time after treatment was 1.63 days. - Hospitalization time was significantly shorter for the experimental group (7.7 days) compared to the control group (12.53 days). - This method is simple, inexpensive, and can be performed at home, making it accessible for patients. - Further studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these findings.

This is from Front Public Health in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10053493/

Using hypertonic saline for nasal irrigation is more effective than isotonic saline in alleviating symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis, though it does not significantly improve smell or imaging results.

- Hypertonic saline is more effective than isotonic saline for treating chronic rhinosinusitis. - It significantly improves nasal symptoms and ciliary movement. - No significant difference in smell improvement or imaging findings. - Mild side effects noted with hypertonic saline. - Further research needed on optimal use and concentration.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32534983/

The efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) at 250 ppm free available chlorine was evaluated for inactivating human norovirus, a leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Results showed that NEW effectively reduced the viral genome copy number and infectious titers of the virus on surfaces, demonstrating its potential as an antinoroviral disinfectant for use on stainless steel surfaces.

- Neutral electrolyzed water is effective in inactivating human norovirus. - Sterilox hypochlorous acid solution can be used for surface inactivation of human norovirus. - EO waters can inactivate norovirus and hepatitis A virus. - Sodium hypochlorite is effective against human norovirus on a fecally soiled stainless steel surface. - Metal alloys containing copper can destroy the capsid and genome of human norovirus.

This is from "Appl Environ Microbiol." in 2017 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541222/.

Nasal and oral antiseptic solutions containing povidone-iodine are effective at killing the virus that causes COVID-19, which may help reduce its transmission.

- Povidone iodine (PVP-I) nasal and oral antiseptics effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2. - All tested concentrations (1% to 5%) of PVP-I were successful in killing the virus. - Using PVP-I may help reduce the transmission of COVID-19 through nasal and oral decontamination.

This is from PubMed in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951446/

Probiotic treatment with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 may reduce the likelihood of developing illness symptoms and delay the time to COVID-19 infection when used within 7 days of exposure, according to a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial.

- Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) may reduce the risk of developing COVID-19 symptoms. - LGG is associated with a prolonged time to COVID-19 infection and reduced incidence of illness symptoms when used as prophylaxis within 7 days of exposure. - Overall incidence of COVID-19 diagnosis did not significantly differ between LGG and placebo groups. - LGG may inform future COVID-19 prevention studies, especially in developing nations where Lacticaseibacillus probiotics have been used to reduce other infectious diseases.

This is from ClinicalTrials.gov in 2020 at this link.

The Sentinox spray, which contains hypochlorous acid, has been shown to significantly reduce viral loads in mild COVID-19 patients and effectively kill various respiratory viruses, suggesting it could be a useful tool for managing infections.

- Sentinox spray reduces viral load in mild COVID-19 patients. - Significant reduction observed in patients with medium viral loads. - Spray is safe and well-tolerated with few side effects. - High virucidal activity against various respiratory viruses. - Potential for use in preventing respiratory infections.

This is from Viruses in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9144724/

A study found that using hypertonic seawater solutions is more effective than isotonic solutions for relieving symptoms like nasal congestion and runny nose in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

- Hypertonic seawater solution is more effective than isotonic seawater solution for chronic rhinosinusitis. - Significant improvement in symptoms like nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, cough, headache, and nighttime awakenings with hypertonic solution. - Isotonic seawater solution showed no major changes in most symptoms.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21258306/

This study demonstrates that electrolyzed hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an effective and eco-friendly solution for cleaning and sanitizing floors, offering similar cleaning performance to traditional detergents while reducing environmental impact.

- Electrolyzed hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective for floor cleaning and sanitation. - It reduces organic dirt and microbial charge significantly. - No chemical residues are left on surfaces after use. - HOCl does not damage floor materials, even after multiple applications. - The system is eco-friendly, reducing CO2 emissions by about 30% compared to traditional detergents. - It is safe, easy to use, and cost-effective for large area disinfection.

This is from the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2023 at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/18/6712

Electrolyzed oxidizing water is a highly effective and environmentally friendly sanitation and cleaning agent that can be used in various applications.

This is from Springer in 2021 at Link.

Electrolyzed saline, produced through a custom-made apparatus, has shown promising results in cleaning root canal walls and removing the smear layer, offering a potential alternative to sodium hypochlorite as a root canal irrigant.

- Electrolyzed saline is an alternative to sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation. - Electrochemically activated water solutions show cleaning effectiveness in root canal irrigation. - Electrochemically activated water has antimicrobial effectiveness as an endodontic irrigation solution.

This is from Clujul Med. 2018 Jul; 91(3): 322–327. Link

Electrolyzed water (EW) is a versatile and cost-effective disinfectant with wide applications in medicine, agriculture, and the food industry. It is capable of inhibiting bacterial growth, promoting wound healing, and has potential benefits in oral health care, anti-obesity, and anti-infectious viral diseases.

- Electrolyzed water has pharmacological activities related to wound healing and immune-redox modulation. - Acidic electrolyzed water has been shown to promote wound healing in burn wound models. - Slightly acidic electrolyzed water has a wound healing effect on cutaneous wounds in hairless mice. - Electrolyzed reduced water has a preservative effect on pancreatic β-cell mass in diabetic mice. - Alkaline electrolyzed water, in combination with regular walking, can decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes. - Reduced water has a protective mechanism against alloxan-induced pancreatic β-cell damage. - Neutral pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water inhibits tumor growth and invasion while repressing intracellular oxidants. - Electrochemically reduced water delays mammary tumor growth in mice and inhibits breast cancer cell survival in vitro.

This is from Molecules in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8877615/

Electrolyzed water is an effective and safe disinfectant for dental settings, particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic, as it can eliminate harmful bacteria and viruses without causing damage to dental materials or tissues.

- Electrolyzed water is effective for disinfecting dental settings, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. - It has antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. - Safe for use on dental materials and does not harm oral tissues. - Can reduce microbial contamination in dental unit waterlines and on instruments. - Recommended as a mouthwash alternative for oral hygiene. - Various types of electrolyzed water (e.g., acidic, hydrogen) have been tested with promising results. - More clinical trials are needed for broader implementation.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9733258/

Electrolyzed water has been found to be a safe and effective alternative disinfectant in dental offices, especially during supply shortages, and can help ensure the continuity of dental services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

- Electrolyzed water generated on-site is a promising disinfectant in dental offices during the COVID-19 pandemic. - It has been reviewed as an effective disinfectant for various applications, including inactivation of human norovirus and prions. - Electrolyzed water has been found to have bactericidal properties and can be used to extend the shelf-life of seafood products. - It is considered a valuable disinfectant for endoscopes and has been shown to enhance the bactericidal effect on biofilms. - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website provides information on dental settings and COVID-19.

This is from Frontiers in Public Health in 2021. You can find the article here.

Environmental diseases are illnesses that are directly caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, radiation, and chemicals, and can include skin cancer, asthma, and cardiovascular disease, among others.

- Environmental diseases are caused by environmental factors, not genetic factors or infection. - Diet, exposure to toxins, pathogens, radiation, and chemicals, stress, racism, and physical and mental abuse are causes of a large segment of non-hereditary disease. - There are many different types of environmental disease including those caused by physical factors, toxic or irritant chemicals, toxins from biologic agents, toxic social factors, lifestyle, and smoking-related disease. - Urban areas have a higher incidence of certain diseases due to risk factors in the environment such as air pollution and altered microbial exposure. - Environmental diseases can be caused by chemicals such as metals, halogens, organic compounds, and noxious gases. - The U.S. Coast Guard has developed a comprehensive system for surveillance of workplace diseases.

This is from Aviat Space in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8070916/.

EPA researchers are studying the effectiveness of various types of face masks and disinfection methods for personal protective equipment (PPE) against COVID-19, and their results will help healthcare professionals and the public make informed decisions regarding the most effective products to use.

- Face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) are important tools to protect the wearer and others against COVID-19. - Researchers are rigorously testing masks and other PPE in EPA’s laboratories in Chapel Hill and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. - The researchers sought to determine whether alternatives to high-efficiency N95 masks reserved for health care workers could offer similar protection for hospital personnel in the event of shortages. - They found that the effectiveness of the masks varied widely: a three-layer knitted cotton mask blocked an average of 26.5 percent of particles in the chamber, while a washed, two-layer woven nylon mask with a filter insert and metal nose bridge blocked 79 percent of particles on average. - The team continues to explore mask performance with studies in progress on the effects of facial hair and face shape on mask fit. - EPA researchers wanted to know whether PPE could be disinfected and reused while providing the same level of protection for wearers. - Their preliminary results, published in an EPA Report, show that certain disinfection methods may work well on some types of PPE without damaging the material.

This is from Journal of American Medical Association in 2020 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771462. This is from Journal of American Medical Association in 2020 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768396. This is from EPA Report at https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/evaluating-disinfection-methods-personal-protective-equipment-ppe-items-intended-0.

Using saline for nasal irrigation or as an aerosol can help alleviate symptoms of respiratory infections, including COVID-19, by improving airway hygiene and potentially reducing viral replication if used early on.

- Saline nasal irrigation or aerosol can help alleviate symptoms of respiratory infections, including COVID-19. - Saline improves mucociliary clearance and reduces viral load in the airways. - Using saline early (within 48 hours of symptoms) may enhance recovery from COVID-19. - Saline can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and may reduce the risk of transmission. - Isotonic saline is generally safer and more effective than hypertonic saline for nasal care. - Saline rinses and aerosols are recommended as part of hygiene measures during the pandemic.

This is from European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology in 2021 at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00228-021-03102-3

A new nasal spray has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers, offering a safe and effective preventive option against the virus.

- The nasal spray significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections in healthcare workers by 62% compared to placebo. - It was found to be safe and well tolerated with no serious side effects reported. - The spray also reduced clinical symptoms associated with COVID-19. - The study suggests it could be a valuable preventive measure, especially in low-income countries with low vaccination rates. - Further research is needed to confirm its efficacy against future variants and other viruses.

This is from Journal of Clinical Virology in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9313533/

In vitro experiments showed that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solutions can be effective in inactivating avian influenza virus (AIV) in liquid and spray forms, providing a possible method for controlling AIV at the farm level.

• Sprayed hypochlorous acid solutions showed virucidal activity against avian influenza virus in in vitro experiments. • The use of electrolyzed water in the food industry has been studied and found to be effective. • Common detergents and chemicals can inactivate avian influenza virus. • Biocides have viricidal activity and specific mechanisms of action. • Chlorine has been shown to inactivate highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. • Factors such as physico-chemical conditions and surfaces can affect the survival of avian influenza virus. • Passive immunization with antiserum generated from viral polypeptides can protect poultry birds from lethal avian influenza virus infection. • Acidic electrolyzed water and neutral electrolyzed water have a virucidal effect on avian influenza viruses. • The persistence of avian influenza viruses in frozen environmental water types has been studied. • The onset of virus shedding and clinical signs in chickens infected with avian influenza viruses has been investigated. • DIVA vaccination strategies for avian influenza virus have been explored. • The occurrence and transmission characteristics of airborne avian influenza virus have been studied. • Low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus can be transmitted from chickens to other bird species. • Membraneless acidic electrolyzed water has antimicrobial effects on airborne bacteria from poultry houses.

This is from Journal of Veterinary Medical Science in 2015 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363024/.

The super oxidized solution Estericide QX exhibited high antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, making it a potential alternative for disinfection against multidrug-resistant nosocomial bacteria.

- Estericide QX, a super oxidized solution, showed high antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. - The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Estericide QX ranged from 10-40 parts per million (ppm). - All tested bacteria were killed within 30 seconds of contact time. - Estericide QX maintained its disinfectant action over time. - Estericide QX can be used efficiently against multiresistant nosocomial bacteria, providing an alternative for disinfection.

This is from Journal of Medical Microbiology in 2014 at this link.

Using a water flosser in combination with a manual toothbrush is more effective in removing plaque from tooth surfaces than using a manual toothbrush and string floss alone, according to a clinical study involving 70 adult subjects.

- Water flosser is more effective than string floss in removing plaque from tooth surfaces. - Water flosser is 29% more effective than string floss for overall plaque removal and approximal surfaces specifically. - Water flosser is more effective in removing plaque from the marginal, lingual, and facial regions.

This is from Journal of Clinical Dentistry in 2013 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24282867/

This study suggests that maintaining good oral hygiene may play a role in preventing and reducing the risk of influenza infection. The study found a nearly significant correlation between poor oral hygiene and higher risk of influenza infection, as well as lower prevalence of infection in subjects with saliva weakly acidic and/or containing higher protein level.

- Perioperative oral care can help prevent postoperative pneumonia associated with esophageal cancer surgery. - Influenza viruses have different pH sensitivities, acid stabilities, and fusogenicities. - Hypochlorous acid has virucidal activity against avian influenza virus. - Saliva contains innate antimicrobial defenses that help protect against infections. - The ACE2 receptor, which the SARS-CoV-2 virus uses to enter cells, is highly expressed on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa.

This is from PLoS One in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8372885/.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a highly effective, safe, and cost-efficient disinfectant that can significantly improve cleaning processes in healthcare environments, yet it remains underutilized compared to traditional disinfectants like bleach.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a powerful, safe disinfectant. - It is effective against a wide range of pathogens, including superbugs. - HOCl can be generated on-site, reducing costs and improving efficiency. - It is environmentally friendly and safe for patients and staff. - Hospitals should consider using HOCl to enhance infection prevention efforts. - Current disinfectants may not be the safest or most effective options available.

This is from Health Facilities Management in 2023 at https://www.hfmmagazine.com/articles/4458-exploring-the-use-of-hypochlorous-acid-for-disinfection

Far UV-C radiation is an effective and safe method for inactivating airborne pathogens, including viruses like COVID-19, without harming human skin or eyes.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10643389.2022.2084315

Far-UVC light (222 nm) has been shown to effectively inactivate airborne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus in a room-sized environment, making it a promising technology for reducing airborne disease transmission without harmful effects on human health.

• Far-UVC light (222 nm) effectively inactivates airborne pathogens in room-sized environments. • The study demonstrates the potential of Far-UVC as a disinfection method in public spaces. • The research highlights the importance of using safe UV light to reduce the spread of airborne viruses. • Far-UVC technology could be a valuable tool in controlling infections, especially in healthcare settings.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2022 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08462-z

The EPA has exempted hypochlorous acid from pesticide residue tolerance requirements when used on food-contact surfaces in public eating places, allowing for safer use in food handling without the risk of harmful residues.

- EPA exempts hypochlorous acid residues from tolerance requirements for food-contact surfaces in public eating places. - Effective date: September 14, 2022. - No comments were received on the proposal; exemption finalized. - Exemption ensures no harm from aggregate exposure, including to infants and children. - Limit set at 200 ppm total available chlorine for hypochlorous acid use.

This is from Federal Register in 2022 at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/09/14/2022-19799/hypochlorous-acid-exemption-from-the-requirement-of-a-tolerance

Water flossers offer an effective alternative to traditional flossing, with benefits including removing plaque, preventing periodontal disease, and cleaning between braces and bridge work.

- Water flossers are an effective tool for removing plaque from between teeth and along gum lines. - Water flossing can help prevent periodontal disease by removing plaque from under your gum line that a toothbrush cannot reach. - Water flossers are a great tool for cleaning between braces, bridges and other restorative dental work. - Water flossing can remove debris from around these areas without damaging your gums or sensitive teeth. - Water flossing not only helps to reverse early gingivitis it can help to improve your overall gum health.

This is from Dentaly in 2023 at https://www.dentaly.org/en/oral-hygiene/how-to-floss/water-flossing-benefits/

The Waterpik Water Flosser is an evidence-based, clinically-proven and effective alternative to traditional flossing methods for better oral health.

- Waterpik Water Flosser is more effective than string floss, air floss, and interdental brushes. - Scientific evidence from independent and university-based research centers supports the effectiveness of Waterpik Water Flosser. - Clinical Research Summary (PDF) with all research abstracts is available on the website.

This is from Journal of Clinical Dentistry in 2020 at https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/pro/clinical-research/.

This article discusses the historical development of theories about the causes of infectious diseases, focusing on the shift towards a "host theory" and the role of inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies in determining the severity of infection outcomes.

- Autoantibodies that neutralize type I interferons can increase the risk of severe COVID-19 and are present in some individuals over 70 years old and in patients with certain autoimmune diseases. - Inborn errors of immunity to infection can affect cells other than leukocytes and impair cell-intrinsic immunity to certain pathogens. - The traditional germ theory of disease, which posits that infectious diseases are caused by specific microorganisms, has been challenged by the host theory, which emphasizes the role of the host immune response in determining disease outcomes. - The history of immunology is marked by paradigm shifts, such as the transition from the specificity theory to the clonal selection theory, and ongoing controversies, such as the debate over whether the immune system is primarily defensive or regulatory.

This is from Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10293828/.

Gargling with salt water may help reduce the risk of Covid hospitalization, according to a study presented at the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Annual Scientific Meeting.

- Gargling with salt water may help prevent Covid hospitalization. - Both low- and high-dose saline regimens are associated with lower hospitalization rates compared to controls in SARS-CoV-2 infections. - Saline nasal irrigation and gargling improve respiratory symptoms associated with coronavirus infection.

This is from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) Annual Scientific Meeting in 2023 at https://acaai.org/news/new-study-gargling-with-salt-water-may-help-prevent-covid-hospitalization/

The germ theory of disease, which states that microorganisms can cause illness, replaced the miasma theory of disease in the late 19th century, and was developed through the work of scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.

- Microorganisms cause diseases. - Hygienic measures can prevent the spread of disease. - Specific animalcules in the soil and air are responsible for causing specific diseases. - Cholera is caused by cells smaller than human epithelial cells. - Four criteria for establishing causality between specific microorganisms and diseases were published by Robert Koch. - Compound fractures are more likely to become infected due to exposure to environmental microorganisms.

This is from Wikipedia in 2021 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease.

The study suggests that changes in gut microbiota composition may be linked to persistent symptoms in patients with long-term complications of COVID-19, and further research is needed to explore if modifying the gut microbiota can aid in recovery from post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.

- Gut microbiome composition is linked to post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). - Patients with PACS had higher levels of Ruminococcus gnavus and Bacteroides vulgatus, and lower levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. - Persistent respiratory symptoms were correlated with opportunistic gut pathogens. - Neuropsychiatric symptoms and fatigue were correlated with nosocomial gut pathogens. - Butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, showed inverse correlations with PACS at 6 months. - Compositional alterations of the gut microbiome were observed in patients with long-term complications of COVID-19. - Further studies should investigate whether microbiota modulation can facilitate timely recovery from PACS.

This is from BMJ in 2023 at https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/3/544.long

A pilot study suggests that a gut microbiota-derived synbiotic formula (SIM01) may improve immune response and reduce inflammation in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, potentially leading to better outcomes.

- Gut microbiota-derived synbiotic formula (SIM01) shows promise as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19. - Alterations in the gut microbiota have been observed in patients with COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza. - Metatranscriptomic characterization of COVID-19 has identified a host transcriptional classifier associated with immune signaling. - Gut microbiota richness in patients with COVID-19 can be followed up for six months. - Probiotics and prebiotics have been shown to have immune benefits and may be beneficial during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This is from J Gastroenterol Hepatol in 2022. Link

This study found that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) at a concentration of 100 ppm can effectively and rapidly destroy COVID-19, influenza, and herpes viruses that are spread through saliva and droplets, making it a potentially effective virucide for use in dental procedures to prevent transmission of these viruses.

- HOCl can rapidly kill Corona, Flu, and Herpes to prevent aerosol spread. - Saliva can be used as a diagnostic material for influenza virus infection by PCR-based assays. - Preprocedural mouthrinses can reduce SARS-CoV-2 load in dental aerosols. - The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets is important in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. - Disinfection and sterilization are important in healthcare facilities to prevent the spread of infections. - Aerosol transmission is a possible route for influenza A virus. - The evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants is being studied. - Hypochlorous acid can be used as a disinfectant for dental unit waterlines. - Free radicals have implications in various diseases. - The pathology of influenza virus infections has been studied. - Herpes simplex virus has a global infection prevalence and incidence estimates. - The future of knowledge representation and creative work aided by machine understanding of language is being investigated.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10227542/.

Chlorine-based disinfectants, specifically hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite (OCl-), have different properties and uses, and it's crucial to understand these differences to ensure safe and effective disinfection in clinical settings.

- HOCl (hypochlorous acid) and OCl- (hypochlorite) are both used for disinfection but have different properties and uses. - Understanding the pH of chlorine solutions is crucial as it affects the effectiveness and safety of the disinfectant. - Misuse of chlorine solutions can lead to harmful outcomes, including skin burns and toxic gas release. - Clear terminology is essential to avoid confusion and ensure safe use of disinfectants in clinical settings. - Proper storage and handling of disinfectants are important to maintain their efficacy and safety.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://www.joghr.org/article/84488-hocl-vs-ocl-clarification-on-chlorine-based-disinfectants-used-within-clinical-settings?t=&utm_source=perplexity

Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) is a powerful, natural disinfectant produced by the human body that effectively fights infections and can be safely used for various cleaning and health applications.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) is effective against infections and is produced naturally by the body. - It has multiple mechanisms to kill bacteria and viruses. - Stabilized HOCL can be produced and used safely as a disinfectant. - It penetrates biofilms, making it effective for treating periodontal disease. - HOCL is safe for various applications, including oral care and wound healing. - It is recognized as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) by the FDA.

This is from Catalyst in 2023 at https://www.burkhartdental.com/hypochlorous-acid-hocl-not-novel-but-essential/

If you test positive for Covid-19, you can start an at-home treatment protocol that includes oral and nasal rinses, over-the-counter supplements, and potentially monoclonal antibody treatment to alleviate symptoms and speed recovery.

- At-home treatment can alleviate Covid-19 symptoms and speed recovery. - Use diluted Povidone-Iodine or hydrogen peroxide for oral and nasal rinses. - Recommended supplements: Aspirin, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, Quercetin. - Monoclonal antibody treatment available for high-risk patients. - MedHelp offers aggressive outpatient treatment options. - Always consult a healthcare provider for medical advice.

This is from MedHelp in 2023 at https://medhelpclinics.com/resources/advice-from-the-doctor/at-home-treatment-protocol-for-covid-19

This article reviews the effectiveness of masks in preventing the spread of COVID-19, discussing the transmission modes of the virus and evaluating different types of masks for their inhalation protection and exhalation isolation capabilities. The main takeaway is that masks are an effective means of preventing virus transmission, but their effectiveness depends on factors such as the type of mask and environmental conditions.

- Masks can be effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19. - The effectiveness of masks depends on the type of mask and how it is used. - Masks can reduce the amount of virus that is released into the air. - Masks can also protect the wearer from inhaling the virus. - Other measures, such as social distancing and hand hygiene, are also important in preventing the spread of COVID-19.

This is from Med Devices Sens. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7883189/#.

Indoor air quality can have significant impacts on health, and there are various steps individuals can take to improve it, including increasing ventilation, controlling sources of pollutants, and using air purifiers or upgrading heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.

- Poor indoor air quality can contribute to health problems. - Fresh air from outside is better than no fresh air from outside. - Certain gases can be dangerous too, such as carbon monoxide and radon. - Consumer goods and cleaning supplies can release pollutants like formaldehyde, benzene, and other volatile organic compounds. - Smoking or burning a fire indoors introduces smoke. - Poor indoor air quality can have health consequences that range from irritation of the eyes, nose and throat to headaches and dizziness to asthma attacks. It's also linked to respiratory and heart disease. - There may be cognitive risks to breathing polluted air as well. - A portable air purifier can be a good way to clean the air if outdoor air quality is poor. - The spread of airborne germs is a serious issue indoors. - Ventilation, source control, and filtration can help improve indoor air quality. - Schools, health care facilities, and group residential or care facilities are in the best position to benefit from air quality improvements.

This is from NPR in 2023 at https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/08/18/1194323903/air-quality-filter-purifier-indoor-pollution.

To make an isotonic saline solution, mix 1/4 teaspoon of salt in 8 ounces of warm water, and store it in the refrigerator for later use, ensuring it remains free of contaminants.

- Isotonic saline solution has a salt concentration of about 0.9% (9g per 1000ml). - Use 1/4 tsp. of salt per 8 oz. of water. - Solution can last for months in the refrigerator. - Fresh solution is preferable for specific uses. - Store unused solution in a glass jar and check for contamination before use. - Optional: Add 1/4 tsp. of baking soda per 8 oz. for improved properties, but not for contact lens use.

This is from LEAFtv in 2022 at https://www.leaf.tv/articles/how-to-make-isotonic-saline-solution/

Wearing masks, especially high-quality ones like surgical N95s, can help slow the spread of COVID-19, but they should be used in combination with other measures like vaccination and physical distancing, and the most protective masks should be reserved for health care professionals.

- Wearing a face mask slows how quickly the virus that causes COVID-19 spreads. - The CDC recommends wearing masks in specific places and situations. - The most protective mask that you'll wear regularly, fits well and is comfortable should be worn. - Respirators such as nonsurgical N95s give the most protection. KN95s and medical masks provide the next highest level of protection. Cloth masks provide less protection. - The most effective cloth masks are made of many layers of tightly woven fabric like cotton. - Your mask works best if it fits your face closely and has no gaps around the edges. - Proper use, storage and cleaning of masks also affects how well they protect you. - Don't put masks on anyone who has trouble breathing or is unconscious or otherwise unable to remove the mask without help. - Don't put masks on children under age 2. - Don't use face masks instead of physical distancing. - Experts do not recommend using face shields instead of masks. - After you're vaccinated, you can more safely return to doing activities that you might not have been able to do because of the pandemic. However, if you are in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital, the CDC recommends wearing a mask indoors in public.

This is from Mayo Clinic Staff in 2023 at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-mask/art-20485449.

The human microbiome is the collection of microorganisms that live on and within human tissues and biofluids and play important roles in shaping an individual's long-term health.

- The human microbiome plays a vital role in preventing a wide range of diseases, from type 2 diabetes and obesity to inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson's disease, and even mental health conditions like depression. - Microbiome-based treatment is showing promise, most notably for treating drug-resistant C. difficile infection and in diabetes treatment. - Microorganisms are implicated in some 20% of human cancers. - Microbiome-based interventions such as hygiene, probiotics, prebiotics, microbiota transplants, medications, antibiotics, diseases, exercise, diet, breastfeeding, aging, and other factors can change the human microbiome across various anatomical systems or regions such as skin and gut.

This is from Nature in 2012 at https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11234, from PLoS One in 2012 at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047712, and from the American Academy of Microbiology in 2014 at https://www.asm.org/Press-Releases/2014/June/FAQ-on-the-Human-Microbiome.

The study investigated the systemic immune response to the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12 and found that its consumption led to changes in immune cell frequencies and cytokine production, suggesting potential health benefits.

- Consumption of the oral probiotic S. salivarius K12 may result in an anti-inflammatory systemic immune response. - Further studies with a larger cohort are needed to confirm these findings. - Understanding the mechanisms of probiotics' role in health is important.

This is from "Journal of [Gemma L. Laws, John D. F. Hale, and Roslyn A. Kemp] in 2021 at URL".

The study evaluated the respiratory effects of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) exposure on workers and found that inhalation of NaDCC at certain concentrations can result in adverse health effects, including weight loss, changes in blood parameters, and irritation in the respiratory system.

- Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) was assessed for its respiratory effects to protect workers' health. - The study analyzed the concentrations of various cytokines and reactive oxygen species in the BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid). - Organ weights and histopathological examinations were conducted on various organs. - Statistical analysis was performed using PRISTIMA software. - The study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines and animal welfare regulations. - Data availability is ensured for justified requests. - A correction to this paper has been published on April 19, 2024. - References to relevant studies and guidelines are provided. - The study was funded by the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. - The authors declare no competing interests.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2021 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95148-7.

Washing your nose can help reduce the viral load of COVID-19, as most of the virus resides in the nose, and products like XLEAR can assist in nasal hygiene by clearing mucus and trapping harmful particles.

- Importance of nasal hygiene in preventing viral infections, especially COVID-19. - 90% of the viral load of SARS/COVID-2 is found in the nose and upper airway. - XLEAR is a nasal hygiene tool that helps clear mucus but is not a drug. - Studies suggest xylitol can block the SARS/COVID-2 virus from adhering to tissue. - Emphasis on shared human experiences and understanding each other through stories.

This is from Jessop’s Journal in 2023 at https://www.abc4.com/news/hygiene-and-covid-you-wash-your-hands-but-do-you-wash-your-nose/

Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation involves using a saltwater solution to flush the nose, helping relieve congestion and improve airflow by removing mucus and reducing swelling in the nasal membranes.

- Hypertonic Saline Nasal Irrigation helps clear mucus and debris from the nose. - It reduces swelling in nasal membranes, improving airflow. - The solution can be made with distilled water, pickling salt, and baking soda. - Irrigate 2-3 times a day using a syringe or Water Pik. - A mild burning sensation may occur initially but usually subsides. - Use hypertonic saline before nasal steroids for better effectiveness.

This is from University of Michigan in 2023 at https://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/OTO/HypertonicSalineNasalIrrigation.pdf

Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling may reduce the duration of upper respiratory tract infection caused by coronaviruses, including COVID-19, according to a pilot study. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the full effectiveness of this intervention.

- Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling (HSNIG) reduced the duration of coronavirus upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) by an average of two-and-a-half days. - HSNIG may offer a potentially safe, effective, and scalable intervention for COVID-19. - HSNIG reduced the duration of URTI, over-the-counter medication use, transmission within household contacts, and viral shedding. - Epithelial cells produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from chloride ions, which has an antiviral effect against various viruses. - SARS-CoV-2 titres are higher in the nose than the throat, suggesting that measures to control the infection and viral shedding can help reduce transmission. - HSNIG reduced the duration of illness, blocked nose, cough, and hoarseness of voice in individuals infected with coronavirus. - The findings suggest that HSNIG may have a role in reducing symptoms and duration of illness in COVID-19.

This is from Journal of Global Health in 2023 at URL.

A hypertonic saline solution has been found to inhibit the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, potentially leading to new ways to prevent and treat COVID-19.

- Hypertonic saline solution inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2. - Effective concentrations: 1.5% NaCl completely inhibits viral replication; 1.1% achieves 88% inhibition in human lung cells. - Could lead to new prophylactic treatments for COVID-19. - Not a cure; does not fully protect against infection. - Can be used in nasal sprays or nebulizers for respiratory diseases. - Mechanism involves energy depletion in cells, preventing viral replication. - Safe for cells; does not damage mitochondria.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210922/Hypertonic-saline-solution-shown-to-inhibit-replication-of-SARS-CoV-2.aspx

Using hypertonic saline for nasal irrigation can reduce symptoms of sinonasal diseases more effectively than isotonic saline, although it may cause more minor side effects.

- Hypertonic saline (HS) nasal irrigation is more effective than isotonic saline (IS) for reducing symptoms of sinonasal diseases. - No significant difference in quality of life between HS and IS. - HS may cause more minor side effects compared to IS. - Younger patients and those with rhinitis benefit more from HS. - High-volume saline irrigation is more effective than low-volume.

This is from Journal in 2022 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29774747/

Using hypertonic saline solutions for nasal rinsing is more effective than isotonic solutions because they contain higher salt concentrations that help kill bacteria, act as better decongestants, and promote faster sinus healing.

- Hypertonic saline is more effective than isotonic saline for sinus health. - Higher salt concentration kills bacteria and reduces mucus thickness. - Acts as a powerful decongestant, drawing out mucus more effectively. - Increases ciliary beat frequency, promoting faster healing. - Recommended recipe for homemade hypertonic saline solution includes distilled water, sea salt, and baking soda.

This is from NY Sinus Center in 2023 at https://www.nysinuscenter.com/2015/11/sinus-facts-why-hypertonic-saline-solutions-are-better-than-isotonic/

This journal article discusses the potential use of hypertonic solution as an adjuvant therapy for severe COVID-19 patients, highlighting its anti-inflammatory effects and potential benefits in regulating leukocyte function and improving respiratory illness.

- Hypertonic solution may be a potential adjuvant therapy for severe COVID-19 patients. - Hypertonic saline resuscitation has immunomodulatory effects and can reduce lung inflammation. - Hypertonic saline can suppress neutrophil margination and priming. - Hypertonicity prevents the expression of certain molecules in neutrophils. - Hypertonic saline can reduce neutrophil-epithelial interactions and gut tissue damage. - Hypertonic saline inhibits cytokine production by stimulated neutrophils and mononuclear cells. - Hypertonicity can inhibit exocytosis in neutrophils and remodel the actin skeleton. - Hypertonic saline can suppress neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and promote apoptosis. - Hypertonic saline has been used for nasal or respiratory hygiene in times of COVID-19. - Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care may improve health outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

This is from Frontiers in Medicine in 2022. You can find the article at this link.

Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid that is an oxidizer and primary disinfectant agent in chlorine solutions, with a history of use in medicine, wound care, and disinfection, and is still being studied for potential uses in water treatment, organic synthesis, and deodorization.

- Hypochlorous acid is a potent disinfectant that can inactivate many vital systems in bacteria in less than 0.1 seconds. - The concentration required for bactericidal activity is highly dependent on bacterial concentration. - Hypochlorous acid can cause inhibition of glucose oxidation, depletion of adenine nucleotides, inhibition of DNA replication, and protein unfolding and aggregation. - Hypochlorous acid water is difficult to maintain as it quickly deteriorates back into salt water, losing its disinfecting capability.

This is from Wikipedia in 2021 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is being considered as a safe and effective treatment for respiratory infections, including viruses like COVID-19, due to its broad antimicrobial properties and low toxicity.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a promising respiratory antiseptic. - It may effectively treat bacterial and viral infections, including COVID-19. - HOCl has low toxicity and is part of the body's immune system. - It can be produced easily and is cost-effective. - Research supports its use in inhalation therapies for respiratory health. - Ongoing studies are evaluating its clinical efficacy and safety.

This is from Viruses in 2025 at https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/9/1219

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is being explored as a safe and effective respiratory antiseptic that could help combat infections like COVID-19 by reducing harmful bacteria and viruses in the respiratory tract.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a promising respiratory antiseptic. - It can combat bacterial and viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. - HOCl is low in toxicity and effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. - Inhalation of HOCl may be beneficial for respiratory health. - Ongoing studies are evaluating its efficacy in clinical settings.

This is from Viruses in 2025 at https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/9/1219

Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) is a powerful and safe disinfectant that effectively kills a wide range of pathogens, including the coronavirus, making it a valuable tool for wound care and infection control.

- Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) is an effective disinfectant and antiseptic. - It is safe for human use and poses no risk of resistance. - HOCl can enhance wound healing and reduce infection rates. - It is environmentally friendly, breaking down into water and salt. - Current manufacturing allows for affordable, large-scale production. - HOCl is approved for various medical and food safety applications. - It can significantly reduce healthcare costs associated with wound care.

This is from Brio in 2023 at https://www.who.int/groups/expert-committee-on-selection-and-use-of-essential-medicines/23rd-expert-committee/a18-hypochlorous

A study found that hypochlorous acid is as effective as chlorhexidine in reducing harmful bacteria after periodontal surgery, making it a promising option for post-surgical care with fewer side effects.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is as effective as chlorhexidine (CHX) in reducing plaque and bacterial recolonization after periodontal surgery. - HOCl shows low adverse effects compared to CHX. - Both treatments improve periodontal healing, but HOCl may lead to better clinical attachment gains over time. - HOCl is a promising alternative for post-surgical plaque control without significant toxicity.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10451621/

Hypochlorous acid, at a concentration of 0.01%, has been shown to effectively kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus and could be used as an antiseptic to help prevent COVID-19 infection through mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and mouth.

- 0.01% hypochlorous acid is effective as an antiseptic against SARS-CoV-2. - It can be used on the eyes, nose, and mouth to prevent COVID-19 infection. - Recommended for healthcare protocols and general public use to reduce viral load. - Further studies needed to confirm effectiveness and safety.

This is from Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8598944/

Hypochlorous acid is a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics due to its effectiveness against a wide range of germs without causing antibiotic resistance or harming human cells.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. - It effectively kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi without promoting antibiotic resistance. - HOCl is non-toxic to human cells and has a low potential for side effects. - It has been successfully used in clinical applications like wound care and infection control. - Further research is needed to optimize its delivery methods and understand its mechanisms of action.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://www.microbiochemjournal.com/articles/ijcmbt-aid1026.php

The use of hypochlorous acid as a wound cleanser has been found to be safe and effective in treating various types of pediatric and neonatal wounds, without causing any pain or discomfort.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an effective antimicrobial wound cleanser that is noncytotoxic, nontoxic if absorbed percutaneously, effective in various forms, and painless on application. - HOCl is widely used in multiple medical applications, including in dental treatment as a mouth rinse and in ophthalmology as treatment for blepharitis. - The intact, undissociated pure HOCl-based product has an excellent safety profile in wound care. - A pure HOCl solution has been proven to have maximal antimicrobial preservative properties that exceed that of the hypochlorite species largely found in the Dakin’s solution and in products that have a pH higher than approximately 5.5. - HOCl has been utilized to eliminate biofilm in chronic wounds, as an effective instillation medium for negative pressure therapy and ultrasound therapy, and in general as a cleanser for wounds that contain debris or microbes. - HOCl is safe and efficacious in wound care for neonatal and pediatric patients.

This is from Wound Management & Prevention in 2023 at https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/wmp/article/hypochlorous-acid-pediatric-wound-management-cleansing-healing-wounds

This study found that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution, which can be generated from electrolysis of 3% hydrochloric acid, is effective against oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus even in the presence of saliva and after passing through the dental unit water line, showing promise as a potential supplement to water and/or mouthwash to reduce the risk of airborne infection in dental practice.

- Hypochlorous acid can inactivate oral pathogens and a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2. - Hypochlorous acid has potential as a wound care agent. - Hypochlorous acid has been shown to be effective against avian influenza viruses and human norovirus. - The volume of mouthwash for rinsing can be determined for comfortable use.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9938691/.

A solution containing hypochlorous acid is effective in killing harmful bacteria and a virus similar to SARS-CoV-2, making it a promising option for reducing infection risk during dental procedures.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) effectively inactivates oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate. - HOCl solution is safe for tissues and can be used in dental practices. - Minimum inhibitory volume ratio is 4:1 without saliva and increases to 8:1 with saliva. - Higher concentrations of HOCl do not significantly improve efficacy against certain pathogens. - HOCl can be used as therapeutic water or mouthwash to reduce airborne infection risk in dental settings.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-02820-7

This study found that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution, which can be generated from electrolysis of hydrochloric acid, is effective against common human oral pathogens and a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus, even in the presence of saliva and after passing through dental unit water lines. This suggests that HOCl solution could be used as a supplement to water and/or mouthwash to reduce the risk of airborne infection in dental practice.

- Hypochlorous acid can inactivate oral pathogens and a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. - Hypochlorous acid has potential applications in wound care and disinfection. - Electrolyzed water can produce hypochlorous acid. - There are several studies evaluating the effectiveness of hypochlorous acid against viruses and bacteria. - Saliva plays a role in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota.

This is from BMC Oral Health in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9938691/.

Hypochlorous acid is a powerful, non-toxic disinfectant that is safe for both surfaces and skin, making it an effective alternative to traditional cleaning agents like bleach.

- Hypochlorous acid is a natural disinfectant, effective and safe for surfaces and skin. - It is over 100 times more effective than bleach at killing pathogens. - Made in the body by white blood cells to fight infections. - Not shelf-stable; sensitive to light, air, and pH changes. - Increasing use in beauty products, but consumers should look for pure formulations without additives. - Potential applications in medical contexts, such as nasal sprays. - Safe for use around pets and children, unlike bleach.

This is from Scientific American in 2026 at https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/hypochlorous-acid-is-a-natural-disinfectant-for-surfaces-and-skin/

Hypochlorous acid is an effective and safe disinfectant that can kill a wide range of harmful microbes, making it a promising alternative to traditional cleaning products, but its stability and regulation remain concerns.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a safe and effective disinfectant, more potent than bleach. - It naturally occurs in the body to fight infections. - HOCl is approved for use by the FDA and is increasingly used in healthcare and cleaning products. - It has a short shelf life and is sensitive to light and air. - New manufacturing processes are extending its shelf life for consumer products. - HOCl is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including norovirus and SARS-CoV-2. - Research is ongoing into its medical applications, particularly for respiratory infections. - Consumer awareness and regulation of HOCl products are still developing.

This is from Scientific American in 2026 at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hypochlorous-acid-is-trending-in-skin-care-and-cleaning-but-does-it-work/

Hypochlorous acid solutions, made from electrolyzed water, are a highly effective and safe approach to wound care for animals, as they eradicate dangerous organisms while not causing harm to cells.

- Hypochlorous acid solutions are a recent and highly effective approach to wound care. - Hypochlorous acid solutions are non-toxic to the delicate cells that heal wounds, while being lethal to almost all known dangerous bacteria and viruses that threaten health. - Hypochlorous acid also exists in the form of a hydrogel, which makes it ideal as a wound filler. - Sea salt used in HOCl solutions should be rich in minerals, containing all 84 essential trace elements that are also present in the human body.

This is from IVC Journal in 2023 at https://ivcjournal.com/hypochlorous-acid-solutions/.

A study found that while low-concentration hypochlorous acid nasal irrigation can reduce allergic rhinitis symptoms, it is no more effective than regular saline nasal irrigation.

- Low-concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation reduces allergic rhinitis symptoms. - No significant side effects were reported with HOCl use. - HOCl did not show additional benefits compared to saline nasal irrigation. - Both treatments improved symptoms over the study period.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236253/

A study found that while low-concentration hypochlorous acid nasal irrigation can reduce allergic rhinitis symptoms, it is no more effective than saline nasal irrigation.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation reduces allergic rhinitis symptoms. - No significant side effects were reported with HOCl use. - HOCl showed no additional benefit compared to saline nasal irrigation. - Both treatments improved symptoms over four weeks.

This is from Journal in 2025 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236253/

A study found that nasal irrigation with low concentrations of hypochlorous acid can reduce allergic rhinitis symptoms, but it does not work better than saline nasal irrigation.

- Low-concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation reduces allergic rhinitis symptoms. - No significant side effects were observed with HOCl treatment. - HOCl showed no additional benefit compared to saline nasal irrigation. - Both HOCl and saline groups experienced similar improvements in symptoms.

This is from Journal in 2025 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236253/

Hypochlorous acid is a skincare ingredient with a long history of use for wound care and infections, showing promise for treating conditions like acne and atopic dermatitis, but its effectiveness in over-the-counter products may vary due to stability issues and lack of rigorous studies.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is gaining popularity in skincare but has a long history as a wound disinfectant. - It has FDA approval for various medical uses, including wound care and infection management. - HOCl is effective in reducing microbial load in wounds and may aid in wound healing. - It shows promise in treating atopic dermatitis and acne, with some studies indicating similar efficacy to traditional treatments. - Stability of HOCl is crucial for its effectiveness; environmental factors can significantly affect it. - Over-the-counter HOCl products may vary in efficacy and stability compared to prescription formulations. - More research is needed to fully understand the effectiveness and stability of OTC HOCl products.

This is from Journal of Drugs in Dermatology in 2024 at https://jddonline.com/articles/hypochlorous-acid-blast-past-S1545961624P1024X/

Hypochlorous acid is an effective, safe, and inexpensive disinfectant that can help combat the spread of COVID-19 in medical and dental settings.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an effective, nontoxic disinfectant against COVID-19. - It can be produced on-site easily and economically. - HOCl is safe for use in dental and medical settings. - Effective in inactivating various viruses, including coronaviruses, in under a minute. - Recommended for surface disinfection, hand sanitizing, and as a mouth rinse. - Stability and efficacy can be affected by exposure to light and temperature.

This is from Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2023 at https://www.joms.org/article/S0278-2391(20)30672-8/fulltext

Hypochlorous acid is a versatile and safe topical treatment that can help with wound care, infection prevention, and managing skin conditions like atopic dermatitis and acne.

- Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is effective for infection prevention and wound care. - It promotes healing and reduces scarring. - Useful for inflammatory skin conditions like atopic dermatitis and pruritus. - Exhibits antimicrobial properties with low toxicity to skin cells. - Emerging research suggests benefits for acne and seborrheic dermatitis. - Generally well-tolerated with a good safety profile.

This is from Journal in 2025 at https://jintegrativederm.org/doi/10.64550/joid.1d4y5r09

Hypochlorous acid is a powerful and safe disinfectant that can effectively combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens without harming human tissues or the environment.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an effective disinfectant against resistant pathogens. - It is safe for human tissues and environmentally friendly. - Stable HOCl can be produced without toxic waste. - HOCl shows promise in controlling infections, including prions. - Its use can enhance infection control in healthcare settings. - Adoption of HOCl can address gaps in traditional sterilization methods.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://infectioncontrol.tips/2017/10/06/hypochlorous-innate-response/

This document is a patent for using hypohalous acids for treating inflammatory diseases and inhibiting the growth of malignancies.

- Hypohalous acid compositions can be used to prevent, alleviate, reduce, or treat inflammatory disorders and inhibit the growth of certain cancers. - These compositions inhibit the biological activities of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and other proinflammatory interleukins and chemokines in vivo. - The compositions can be administered topically, via inhalation, or systemically. - The safety of exposure to microaerosolized pure stable HOC1 via the respiratory route was evaluated in human volunteers and no serious adverse effects were recorded. - The compositions can be formulated as a liquid, gel, lotion, cream, foam, gas, frozen solid, or aerosol spray. - The compositions can be administered from 1 to 10 times per day.

This is from a patent filed on December 27, 2021, published on July 7, 2022, available at https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2022146941A1/en.

Probiotic therapy, in combination with chlorhexidine disinfection, can help reduce the severity of halitosis (bad breath) in children over longer periods of time.

- Probiotic therapy following oral disinfection with chlorhexidine may reduce the severity of halitosis over longer periods. - Mechanical and chemical oral hygiene practices alone may not significantly improve halitosis.

This is from Journal in 2023 at URL

The study analyzed the effect of steam inhalation, saline gargling, and povidone-iodine gargling on COVID-19 patients in Bangalore, and found that povidone-iodine gargling was effective in providing early test negativity, whereas saline gargling was effective in early clinical recovery.

- Povidone-iodine gargling can help in early test negativity. - Saline gargling is effective in early clinical recovery. - Steam inhalation can help in overall symptom recovery. - These interventions can be practiced safely by the public to curb the transmission of the disease and provide symptomatic improvement to patients across the globe.

This is from Indian Journal of Community Medicine in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400364/.

The study investigated the effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 probiotic on the saliva and nasopharyngeal microbiome in children attending daycare, and found that the use of S. salivarius K12 probiotic appeared to be safe and did not disrupt the normal microbiome in young children, although its impact on otopathogens in the nasopharyngeal microbiome remained uncertain.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential benefits in preventing recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in adults. - The safety of Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been assessed in various studies. - The impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on the nasopharyngeal microbiome has been investigated. - The introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines has led to a decline in invasive pneumococcal disease. - The use of PCV10 has been associated with a reduction in antimicrobial use and tympanostomy tube placements. - The intestinal microbiome of pre-school children has been found to be related to lifetime antibiotic use. - The oral and nasopharyngeal microbiota have been shown to have a loss of microbial topography in relation to the development of respiratory infections in early life. - The clinical presentation of otitis media has been studied in relation to the impact of PCV on its pathogenesis. - Next-generation sequencing technologies have been used for microbiome analysis, but caution is needed to account for potential biases in PCR amplification and sequencing.

This is from Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8043514/#

Improving ventilation in your home by bringing in fresh air, filtering the air, and improving air flow can help reduce virus particles and prevent the spread of COVID-19.

- Ventilate your home by getting fresh air into your home, filtering the air that is there, and improving air flow. - Good ventilation, along with other preventive actions, can help prevent you and others from getting and spreading COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses. - Here are some ways you can improve ventilation in your home: bring as much fresh air into your home as possible, filter the air in your home, consider using a portable air cleaner, turn on the exhaust fan in your bathroom and kitchen, use fans to improve air flow, and limit the number of visitors in your home and the time spent inside.

This is from CDC in 2023 at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/Improving-Ventilation-Home.html.

A study found that a specific isotonic diluted seawater nasal solution is more effective and safer for nasal hygiene compared to electrodialyzed seawater, helping maintain nasal health and protect against infections.

- Both Stérimar Nasal Hygiene (SNH) and electrodialyzed seawater (EDS) are safe for nasal use. - SNH has an ionic balance closer to human plasma compared to EDS. - SNH is more effective in maintaining nasal epithelium homeostasis after hypotonic stress. - SNH showed better tissue recovery and morphology than EDS. - The study supports the clinical benefits of seawater-based nasal hygiene solutions.

This is from Medical Devices (Auckland, N.Z.) in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7726834/

A nasal antiseptic containing povidone-iodine can effectively inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus in just 15 seconds, potentially reducing the risk of virus transmission.

- Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) nasal antiseptic effectively inactivates SARS-CoV-2 within 15 seconds at concentrations as low as 0.5%. - PVP-I may help reduce viral transmission beyond personal protective equipment. - No cytotoxic effects were observed with the tested concentrations of PVP-I. - Intranasal use of PVP-I is safe at concentrations of 1.25% and below. - Regular use of PVP-I nasal antiseptic could significantly lower the risk of virus transmission in healthcare settings.

This is from JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery in 2023 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2770785

A study found that a seawater solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus for nasal lavage is safe and effective in improving nasal mucociliary clearance, and may have potential as a supportive therapy for acute rhinosinusitis.

- The article discusses the safety and performance evaluation of a seawater solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus for nasal lavage. - The authors explore the effects of the solution on the respiratory system, including its potential to enhance mucociliary clearance and its antibacterial properties. - The article provides a review of the relevant literature on respiratory health and the use of nasal lavage. - The authors conclude that the solution shows promise as a safe and effective tool for maintaining respiratory health.

This is from Med Devices (Auckl) in 2019 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6766585/.

The patent describes a method for inactivating highly resistant infectious microbes and proteins using an electrolyzed hypohalous acid composition that is non-toxic to humans and animals.

- Unbuffered hypohalous acid compositions can effectively inactivate highly resistant infectious microbes and proteins. - The stability of unbuffered HOBr solutions is greater than conventionally prepared HOBr solutions. - HOBr solutions can provide potent antimicrobial activity against resistant organisms. - Misted HOC1 solutions can effectively distribute sufficient HOC1 to bring about high level inactivation rates for microbial contaminants. - Repeated exposure of human dermal and mucosal epithelia to BrioHOCLTm is entirely safe and may contribute beneficially to the resolution of certain clinical conditions. - The composition can be formulated as a solution, a spray or fog or mist or aerosol of droplets, a gel, or a viscous liquid.

This is from Patent in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/CA3028984A1/en

This study investigated the effectiveness of dry fogging hypochlorous acid and hydrogen peroxide solutions in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus on environmental surfaces, finding that higher concentrations and longer contact times of the disinfectants were required to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 than influenza A virus. The results provide important information for the development of strategies to control the transmission of these viruses in public spaces.

- Dry fogging of hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution effectively inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus that had been adhered to plastic microplates. - Dry fogging is an active countermeasure against infection sources on environmental surfaces. - Dry fogging is expected to act effectively not only against the Wuhan strain and H1N1 strain tested in the present study, but also against other virus strains. - It is important to examine whether dry fogging of disinfectants inactivates viruses in a space.

This is from PLoS ONE in 2022 at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0261802.

Increasing ventilation and filtration in indoor spaces can help reduce the risk of airborne transmission of infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2, and should be considered as a fundamental part of risk reduction strategies.

- Increasing air changes per hour and air filtration can help reduce the risk of airborne transmission of respiratory infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2. - Higher ventilation and enhanced filtration are often overlooked but fundamental parts of risk reduction strategies that could have benefits beyond the current pandemic.

This is from JAMA in 2021 at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779062.

Commensal bacteria in the human microbiota can contribute to the production of antibodies that cross-react with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, potentially providing a level of immunity against the virus.

- Commensal bacteria in the human microbiota can induce cross-reactive IgA antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. - Some specific commensal bacteria, like Streptococcus salivarius, can stimulate the production of cross-reactive anti-RBD antibodies. - Severely ill COVID-19 patients have reduced levels of Streptococcus and Veillonella bacteria and decreased levels of anti-RBD IgA antibodies at mucosal surfaces. - The findings suggest that certain microbial species in the human microbiota can contribute to the immune response against SARS-CoV-2.

This is from biorxiv in 2021 at Link.

The study suggests that certain bacteria in the human microbiota can induce the production of antibodies that cross-react with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, potentially providing protection against COVID-19.

• Commensal microbiota can induce cross-reactive antibody responses against the RBD domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. • Microbiota-driven interferon signals in lung stromal cells protect from influenza virus infection. • Specific microbiota enhances intestinal IgA levels by inducing TGF-beta in T follicular helper cells of Peyer's patches in mice. • HIV-1 gp120-specific monoclonal antibodies derived from colostral B cells have functions and affinity maturation. • HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity can be diverted by gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies. • SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. • Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. • Alterations in the gut microbiota are observed in patients with COVID-19 or H1N1 influenza. • Impaired humoral immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine is observed in kidney transplant recipients and dialysis patients. • Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation can be achieved. • Enterobacteriaceae species can be identified from bone marrow transplant recipients using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.

This is from bioRxiv in 2021 at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455272v1.full.

This systematic review found that drug and device studies sponsored by manufacturing companies have more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than studies sponsored by other sources, but no difference in the risk of bias.

- Industry sponsored drug and device studies have more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than studies sponsored by other sources. - There is no difference in harms results between industry and non-industry sponsored studies. - Industry sponsored studies more often had low risk of bias from blinding compared with non-industry sponsored studies.

This is from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2018 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30132025/.

Inhaling mist made from hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has shown promise in rapidly inactivating respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2 without adverse effects in experimental studies or in self-reported experiences from essential workers during the pandemic.

- Inhalation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. - No significant adverse effects were observed in animals exposed to aerosolized HOCl. - Human subjects reported minor, transient side effects after inhaling HOCl, with some noting improved respiratory symptoms. - HOCl shows potential as a safe disinfectant and therapeutic agent against respiratory infections. - The study highlights the need for further evaluation of HOCl's long-term effects and its use in public health settings.

This is from Research Square in 2023 at https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR411633

The inhalation of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl(g)) at low concentrations, typically encountered during indoor disinfection, does not have a significant cytotoxic effect on human respiratory epithelial cells, according to a study using laboratory model systems.

- Inhalation of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl(g)) at low concentrations (less than 500 ppb) has no cytotoxic effect on respiratory epithelial cells. - The concentration of HOCl(g) reaching the lung pseudo-space is close to zero when the chamber concentration is less than 20.5 ppb. - HOCl(g) adsorbs on gas-contact silicone rubber surfaces, leading to its disappearance during inhalation.

This is from J Microorg Control in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37394529/ This is from J Microorg Control in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38233168/ This is from Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi in 2024 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38309959/ This is from Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser in 1993 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12616290/

Inhaling microaerosolized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been shown to effectively inactivate respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2 without causing harm to lung tissues, suggesting its potential as a safe and accessible treatment option during the pandemic.

- Inhalation of microaerosolized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) shows potential benefits in preventing and treating respiratory virus infections, including COVID-19. - HOCl rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in laboratory settings. - No adverse effects were observed in animals exposed to HOCl, indicating its safety for pulmonary use. - Human exposure to HOCl mist during the pandemic showed no serious issues, with only minor, transient effects reported. - HOCl may serve as an effective, inexpensive, and accessible method for respiratory infection prevention.

This is from Archives of Internal Medicine Research in 2023 at https://fortuneonline.org/articles/inhalation-of-microaerosolized-hypochlorous-acid-hocl-biochemical-antimicrobial-and-pathological-assessment.html

This patent discusses a method for using low concentrations of hypochlorous acid solutions to effectively inhibit the activity of viruses and bacteria, providing a safe and versatile treatment option for various infectious diseases.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can inhibit the growth of various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. - It is effective in treating infections and reducing antimicrobial resistance. - HOCl can be delivered through nebulizers, sprays, or oral rinses for respiratory and oral health applications. - The solution is safe and similar to what the body produces to fight infections. - The method of delivery can enhance treatment effectiveness by targeting specific areas directly. - HOCl solutions are approved for various medical uses, including eye and nasal infections. - The technology aims to provide a new approach to managing infectious diseases and improving health outcomes.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US20200281969A1/en

A study found that a hypertonic saline solution, specifically 1.2% NaCl, can inhibit the replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in lung and kidney epithelial cells, potentially offering a promising therapeutic treatment for COVID-19 patients and a means to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

- Nasal saline irrigations have benefits and safety in washing away COVID-19. - Remdesivir and Chloroquine effectively inhibit the novel coronavirus in vitro. - Laboratory biosafety guidance related to COVID-19 is available. - Clinically approved drugs capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro have been discovered. - Real-time RT-PCR can detect the 2019 Novel Coronavirus. - A novel coronavirus was identified in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. - ATP and spontaneous calcium oscillations control neural stem cell fate determination in Huntington's disease.

This is from ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. in 2022. You can find the article at this link.

This study suggests that nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline or saline with surfactant may shorten symptom duration and reduce disease burden among non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19, but caution should be taken in regards to potential viral dispersion or contamination.

- Nasal saline irrigation can reduce symptom burden in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. - Nasal congestion and headache resolved a median of 7-9 days earlier in the intervention groups. - Hypertonic nasal saline irrigations are a safe and inexpensive intervention to reduce symptom burden.

This is from Journal 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7722064/.

The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis 2021 provides evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of rhinosinusitis, along with a comprehensive management algorithm.

- The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR-RS) has made foundational progress in understanding and treating rhinologic disease. - ICAR-RS-2021 covers over 180 topics in the forms of evidence-based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence-based reviews, and literature reviews. - ICAR-RS-2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS. - A comprehensive evidence-based management algorithm is provided.

This is from International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology in 2021 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33236525/.

Intranasal drug delivery has potential relevance for future clinical trials in the settings of disease spread prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases, but further research is needed to ensure safety and efficacy.

- Intranasal drug delivery has been studied for many years. - Several agents have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. - Intranasal drug delivery has potential relevance for future clinical trials in the settings of disease spread prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases. - Intranasal drug delivery represents an important area of research for COVID-19 and other viral diseases. - The consideration of any potential adverse reactions is paramount.

This is from Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery in 2023 at https://aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1177/0194599820933170.

A study found that using a hypochlorous acid nasal rinse can safely help reduce symptoms in patients with COVID-19 who are not hospitalized.

- Intranasal lavage with hypochlorous acid may safely reduce COVID-19 symptoms in outpatients. - Study involved 88 patients, with 74 completing the treatment. - No patients required mechanical ventilation; no deaths occurred. - Mild side effects included nasal burning and metallic taste. - Further research is needed to confirm effectiveness and explore broader applications.

This is from Journal in 2025 at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.23292426v1.full-text

This study suggests that using a nasal rinse with hypochlorous acid can safely help reduce symptoms in COVID-19 patients who are not hospitalized.

- Intranasal lavage with hypochlorous acid can safely reduce COVID-19 symptoms in outpatient patients. - The study involved 88 patients, with 74 completing the treatment. - No serious adverse effects were reported; mild reactions included nasal burning and metallic taste. - The treatment showed feasibility and safety, but further research is needed for broader application. - No patients required hospitalization or mechanical ventilation.

This is from MedRxiv in 2023 at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.23292426v1.full

This literature review explores the potential effectiveness of intranasal therapies, including xylitol, grapefruit seed extract, povidone-iodine, and corticosteroids, in reducing the viral activity of COVID-19 in the nasal pathway and potentially limiting disease transmission, severity, and complications.

- Intranasal administration of antiviral and virucidal therapies may be a novel strategy to provide an added clinical benefit to COVID-19 treatment. - Using nasal spray with antiviral properties has promising efficiency and safety in the treatment and prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2. - Surfactant based gargle and spray can entrap viruses entering through the mouth, nose, and eyes and therefore, may play a vital role in prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2. - Low pH of acid buffered/hypertonic saline can reduce the amount of viral shedding during the acute viral shedding symptoms. - All therapeutics reviewed in this review can be used in the outpatient setting, and therefore could potentially provide more outpatient-based interventions for COVID-19 infection. - Intranasal administration of antiviral and virucidal therapies decrease the viral activity in the nasal pathway, thus preventing disease transmission, expedite recovery of mild-moderate COVID-19 patients, decrease severity of symptoms, reduce hospitalizations and mortality. - Further clinical research is needed as application of these agents may not only be limited to the current COVID-19 pandemic, but also for future epidemics and pandemics.

This is from J Allergy Infect Dis 2021; 2(1) at *https://probiologists.com/Uploads/Articles/11_637497463703161509.pdf*

A study found that a diluted seawater solution is safe for human nasal use and helps improve nasal hygiene by enhancing mucus clearance and promoting faster healing of nasal tissue.

- Diluted seawater solution (SNH) is safe for nasal epithelial cells. - SNH enhances mucociliary clearance (MCC), aiding in the removal of foreign particles. - SNH promotes faster wound healing in the nasal cavity compared to saline solution. - Regular nasal irrigation with isotonic solutions can help maintain nasal hygiene and reduce sinonasal issues.

This is from European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology in 2021 at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-020-06527-1

Using a neti pot can be risky due to the potential for a brain-eating amoeba called Naegleria fowleri to infect the brain, but this risk is rare and can be avoided by using sanitized water and saline packets as directed.

- Neti pots are safe to use as long as you follow the directions and use sanitized water and saline packets as directed. - The risk of transmission of brain-eating amoeba by neti pot is exceedingly rare. - The real benefit of nasal saline is constantly washing allergens away, which is cheaper than most over-the-counter anti-allergy medicines.

This is from The Atlantic in 2017 at https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/will-my-neti-pot-kill-me/524358/.

Neti pots are an effective, non-pharmacologic method to clear mucus and debris from the nose, but it is important to use boiled or distilled water and to follow instructions to ensure safety.

- Neti pots are a type of nasal irrigation that can help treat congested sinuses, colds, and allergies. - Neti pots are safe to use when used as directed, but tap water should not be used. - Neti pots are effective in clearing mucus and debris from the nose, and can help alleviate allergy symptoms. - Nasal irrigation is generally recommended over saline sprays, except for treating dryness in the nostrils or front part of the nose.

This is from Prevention in 2023 at https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a39826346/do-neti-pots-work-nasal-irrigation/.

Nasal saline irrigation appears to have small clinical benefits for treating sinonasal diseases, and further studies are needed to optimize its efficacy.

- Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) has demonstrated improvement in symptoms as well as reduction in the use of rescue medications such as systemic corticosteroids when used as an adjunct or as sole treatment. - NSI is usually well tolerated with minimal side effects. - The exact mechanism(s) of action of NSI are not clearly understood, but it may enhance the movement of mucus toward the nasopharynx, directly clean the nasal mucosa, and aid in thinning nasal secretions. - NSI is recommended for a variety of sinonasal conditions, including allergic rhinitis (AR), atrophic rhinitis, rhinitis of pregnancy, viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), CRS, acute rhinosinusitis, sinonasal sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and as a postoperative adjunct after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). - Overall, the data appear to demonstrate some small clinical benefit to nasal saline irrigation. Further definitive studies are needed to optimize efficacy.

This is from International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology in 2012 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S108112061200316X

Using neti pots and other nasal irrigation devices can be safe and effective for relieving nasal congestion, but it's crucial to use distilled, sterile, or previously boiled water to avoid infections.

- Use distilled, sterile, or previously boiled water for nasal rinsing. - Tap water can contain harmful organisms; avoid using it. - Follow instructions carefully for nasal irrigation devices. - Consult a healthcare provider if you have a compromised immune system. - Ensure the device is suitable for the user's age, especially for children. - Report any problems with nasal rinsing devices to the FDA.

This is from US Food and Drug Administration in 2023 at https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/rinsing-your-sinuses-neti-pots-safe

This article explains the differences between isotonic and hypertonic saline sinus rinse solutions and which one may work best for individuals, with the recommendation to consult with a physician prior to using a hypertonic rinse and to rinse off the irrigator tip, bottle, or net pot with hot water and soap after each use to prevent bacterial growth.

- Both isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions wash germs, allergens, and other pollutants out of the sinuses. - Hypertonic solutions may be helpful for congestion or runny nose, but many patients experience a burning sensation when they use hypertonic solutions. - Isotonic saline solutions restore moisture to your sinus passages and reduce irritation and burning sometimes associated with other saline solutions. - The temperature of the water used for saline sinus rinse should be pleasantly warm, roughly matching your body temperature. - Rinse off your irrigator tip, bottle, or net pot with hot water and soap after each use to prevent bacterial growth.

This is from AchooAllergy in 2022 at https://www.achooallergy.com/blog/learning/isotonic-vs-hypertonic-which-saline-sinus-rinse-works-best-for-you/.

A recent study suggests that gum disease may be linked to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, particularly in older adults.

- Gum disease may be linked to the development of Alzheimer's and related dementias. - Bacteria from gum disease can travel to the brain, potentially influencing dementia. - Older adults with gum disease are more likely to develop Alzheimer's. - Antibodies against P. gingivalis are associated with increased dementia risk. - Long-term studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore treatment options.

This is from Journal of Alzheimer's Disease in 2020 at https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/large-study-links-gum-disease-dementia

This article discusses the effects of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on mammalian cells, including its role in killing pathogens and its potential to cause tissue injury and inflammation. It also explores how HOCl interacts with different cell components and describes the outcomes of exposure to different doses of HOCl. The article concludes by highlighting recent research indicating that HOCl may activate cell signaling pathways, providing important information on the role of this oxidant in inflammation.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a reactive oxidant produced by the immune system to kill invading pathogens. - HOCl can also damage mammalian cells, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. - Exposure to HOCl can lead to cell death, apoptosis, or growth arrest. - HOCl has been implicated in various diseases, including atherosclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. - Researchers have studied the effects of HOCl on different types of cells, including red blood cells, endothelial cells, and heart muscle cells.

This is from IUBMB Life in 2000 at https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/713803731.

The use of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing and wearing face masks, was effective in reducing the spread of Covid-19 infections, according to a report from the Royal Society, which reviewed the evidence gathered during the pandemic for six groups of interventions and their effectiveness in reducing transmission.

- Lockdowns and face masks "unequivocally" reduced the spread of Covid-19. - Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were effective in reducing transmission when applied in packages that combine a number of measures that complement one another. - Social distancing and lockdowns were the most effective category of NPIs. - Face masks and mask mandates were an effective approach to reduce infection. - Higher-quality respirator masks such as N95 masks were more effective than surgical-type masks. - Test, trace and isolate measures found reductions in Covid-19 deaths. - Establishing international protocols for conducting clinical trials and observational research on NPIs in advance of further pandemics is recommended.

This is from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A in 2023 at https://royalsocietypublishing.org/toc/rsta/381/2200.

This study investigated the long-term dynamics of periodontitis progression and its connection to dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, showing that ecological principles can define dysbiosis and explain the evolution and outcomes of specific microbial communities, which could better explain the evolution and outcomes of specific microbial communities in the oral cavity.

- The study investigated the long-term dynamics of the human oral microbiome during clinical disease progression. - Taxonomic profiling was performed using Kraken2 and Bracken against a custom 16S rRNA dabatase for the oral microbiome extracted from the HOMD database and the UNITE database for fungal ITS sequences. - The study found that the oral microbiome is dynamic and changes over time, and that different sites within the mouth have different microbial communities. - The study also found that certain bacterial species were associated with periodontitis progression, and that ecological networks of microbial communities can be reconstructed from data abundance. - The study used various statistical methods to analyze the data, including volatility analysis, PCoA, and ARIMA forecasting.

This is from BMC Biology in 2023 at https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-021-01169-z.

A study found that using low-concentration hypochlorous acid for nasal irrigation significantly improved symptoms in patients with chronic sinusitis who did not respond to other treatments, compared to saline solution.

- Low-concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation improves symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) better than saline irrigation. - Significant symptom relief was observed in patients using HOCl after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. - No significant adverse effects were reported from HOCl nasal irrigation. - HOCl may serve as an effective adjunct therapy for patients with CRS who do not respond to standard medical treatments.

This is from Journal in 2016 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27853946/

The article discusses a new class of drugs called immunomodulatory antimicrobials (IAs) that have both pathogen-directed and host-directed pharmacology and are more suitable for pandemic preparedness research than traditional antivirals. The author argues that the magic shield paradigm of immunomodulatory drugs that target the host immune system instead of a specific pathogen must supersede the magic bullet paradigm of traditional antimicrobial development to address antimicrobial resistance and emerging infectious diseases.

- Nitazoxanide/azithromycin combination and NSAIDs and Kelleni’s protocol are potential treatments for COVID-19. - Glucocorticoids and azithromycin are used in the therapy of COVID-19. - Nitazoxanide is superior to placebo to treat moderate COVID-19. - Niclosamide is a promising treatment for COVID-19. - Silver nanoparticles have broad-spectrum bioactivities. - There is a need for pan-pathogen antimicrobials. - Network pharmacology reveals multitarget mechanism of action of drugs to be repurposed for COVID-19.

This is from Emerging Microbes & Infections in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9897060/.

Saline irrigations for the nose and sinuses can be an effective way to improve allergy symptoms and shorten the duration of a sinus infection, but it is important to speak to a doctor before using them and stop using if any pain or other problems occur.

- Saline irrigations can be highly effective in improving allergy symptoms and shortening the duration of a sinus infection. - Irrigating the sinuses can help prevent recurring sinusitis. - Salt itself has a property of preventing bacteria from growing. - During an acute sinus infection, rinsing the sinuses 2 to 3 times per day is effective. - Using saline irrigations can help decrease the bacteria count inside the nose and sinuses.

This is from Baylor College of Medicine Blog in 2014 at https://blogs.bcm.edu/2014/08/20/saline-irrigation-offers-natural-option-for-sinus-infection-allergy-relief/.

Masks and respirators are effective tools for reducing the spread of respiratory infections, according to recent scientific reviews.

This is from Journal in 2024 at https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00124-23

Mayo Clinic research has found that wearing masks and maintaining physical distance are effective ways to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

- Masks are effective in reducing droplet transmission and are critically important for protecting yourself and the people around you. - Disposable paper medical masks and two-layer cloth masks were effective in reducing droplet transmission and there was no difference between mask types in terms of how well they blocked aerosol particles emitted by the wearer. - Physical separation reduces the exposure of respiratory droplets and 6 feet separation reduces particle counts to near baseline levels. - Additional measures to reduce the risk of transmission include frequent hand washing, use of hand sanitizer before and after meals, after removing masks, and honoring posted room capacities in busy areas.

This is from Mayo Clinic News Network in 2023 at https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-research-confirms-critical-role-of-masks-in-preventing-covid-19-infection/.

The article argues for a health-centric approach to the treatment of lifestyle disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegeneration, which recognizes these disorders as responses to a singular, lifestyle-induced disease of mitochondria dysfunction, and advocates for metabolic strategies, such as fasting and carbohydrate-restricted diets, to restore mitochondria function as a means of mitigating the impetus that underlies and drives these disorders.

- A carbohydrate-restricted diet can have rapid metabolic benefits on hepatic steatosis in humans. - Nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction can improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in type 2 diabetes patients. - A low-carbohydrate diet can improve glycaemic control, small, dense low-density lipoprotein, and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients. - A very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet can have a middle and long-term impact on cardiometabolic factors. - A ketogenic diet is protective against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. - A ketogenic diet may have potential therapeutic benefits in cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. - Financial conflicts of interest can influence research outcomes and reporting.

This is from Aging Dis. in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9116908/.

This patent describes a method for producing and storing hypochlorous acid solutions that remain effective for up to 24 months, making them useful for sanitizing surfaces and extending the life of cut flowers.

- Method for producing shelf-stable hypochlorous acid solutions. - Uses high purity water and electrolysis for production. - Improved shelf life when stored in opaque PET bottles. - Applications include sanitizers for food and non-food surfaces, cleaners, and cut flower life extenders. - Non-toxic nature makes it suitable for consumer use. - Extended shelf life of up to 24 months is achievable.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150119245A1/en

The method described in this document utilizes acidic electrolyzed water to effectively remediate mold and mildew in infected areas, whether through high-pressure washing, misting, or electrostatic spraying.

- Acidic electrolyzed water can be used to remediate mold and mildew. - It can be applied using high pressure washing, cold misting or fogging, electrostatic spraying, or air duct cleaning. - The acidic electrolyzed water has specific properties, such as oxidative/reduction potential and pH, and contains hypochlorous acid. - The method has been tested and found to be safe for skin and vaginal mucosal tissue. - The invention is described in a patent document.

This is from US Patent 7445800B2 granted in 2008. You can find the full text of the patent here.

The document outlines a method for creating a stable sanitizing solution that maintains a specific level of chlorine and pH, making it effective for cleaning purposes.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2014179692A1/en

This patent describes a method of preventing or treating respiratory virus infections by administering a composition comprising a homogeneous hypohalous acid solution that modifies surface receptor binding domains of virus surface proteins and inhibits their capacity to interact with host cell receptors.

- Hypohalous acids can modify virus receptor binding domains and inhibit their capacity to interact with host cell receptors, potentially preventing or treating respiratory virus infections. - Pure, stable, authenticated hypohalous acid solutions can be administered to subjects via various methods, including inhalation and topical application. - The safety of exposure to hypohalous acid solutions has been evaluated in experimental animals and human subjects, with no serious adverse effects recorded. - The method described in the document has potential applications for preventing or treating various respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses.

This is from patent in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2022256673A1/en

This article discusses the importance of effective cleaning and disinfection in healthcare facilities and explores new technologies and disinfectants that have potential to improve infection prevention practices.

- Manual cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities are essential elements of infection prevention programs. - Continued efforts to improve the quality and consistency of traditional cleaning and disinfection practices are needed. - Adoption of modern technologies is indicated to supplement traditional methods. - Further research into the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of newer technologies, and when to best apply them, is needed.

This is from Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control in 2016 at https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-016-0111-x.

Mucosal immunization with the ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine significantly reduces the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among hamsters, highlighting its potential effectiveness in preventing community spread of the virus.

This is from Science Advances in 2024 at https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp1290

N-chlorotaurine is a safe and effective solution that can help fight respiratory viruses like COVID-19, influenza, and RSV by quickly reducing their infectious particles.

- N-chlorotaurine (NCT) shows strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV. - Effective in reducing viral particles significantly within minutes. - Works well even in the presence of organic materials, enhancing its effectiveness. - Safe for inhalation with minimal side effects. - Potential for use as a treatment for viral respiratory infections without needing specific diagnostics.

This is from Emerging Microbes & Infections in 2025 at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9132425/

This research article discusses the potential use of nasal disinfectants to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. The article summarizes eight potential chemo-preventive agents and their mechanisms of action, but notes that no treatment has yet been tested against SARS-CoV-2 in randomized controlled clinical trials.

- This article is a review of potential chemo-preventive agents for COVID-19. - The article discusses various studies on the effectiveness of different agents, including chloroquine, lactoferrin, and interferon-alpha. - The article also discusses the importance of disinfecting the nasal cavity to prevent the spread of COVID-19. - The article provides a list of references for further reading.

This is from International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7434367/.

Cleaning your nose daily through nasal irrigation is important to remove mucus, dust, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and the only effective way to do so is by using a package of 3-ounce disposable cups and a salt shaker with a snap lid to irrigate your nose with salt water.

- Nasal hygiene is important to prevent sickness. - Nasal irrigation is the only effective way to clean your nose. - Use a disposable cup and a salt shaker to make a saline solution. - Too much or too little salt in the water will burn your nose. - Bend over the sink, put your nose in the cup, and sniff. - Blow your nose forcefully several times. - Get all the water out of your nose.

This is from BMJ in 2014 at https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5703/rr/778443.

This medical advisory blog post recommends using saline solution to irrigate the nasal passages in adults experiencing congestion caused by allergies, irritation, or infection, and provides steps for performing a nasal cleanse and a recipe for homemade saline solution.

- Using a saline solution to irrigate the nasal passages may help improve symptoms associated with rhinitis. - Rinses can be performed up to three times daily, if necessary, but the frequency should be decreased if nasal irritation or dryness occurs. - Homemade saline solution can be made with specified ingredients and amounts.

This is from Familiprix in 2023 at https://www.familiprix.com/en/articles/nasal-hygiene-in-adults.

Keeping your nose clean through nasal washing is essential for maintaining optimal health as it protects against infections, diseases, and sicknesses by clearing out mucus, crusts, germs, and other pollutants from your nose, and it should be done once in the morning and again in the evening.

- Nasal hygiene is important for conditioning the air we breathe and for maintaining a disease-free body. - Nasal hygiene involves keeping your nasal passages clean, clear, and moisturized. - A clear nasal passage protects you and helps you sleep better. - Nasal washing using saltwater or saline spray is the most recommended way of keeping your nose clean. - You should clean your nose once in the morning and again in the evening.

This is from Health Shots in 2023 at https://www.healthshots.com/preventive-care/self-care/nasal-hygiene-why-is-cleaning-your-nose-daily-important-for-overall-health/.

This study suggests that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation (HSNI) may be an effective adjunctive treatment for chronic sinus symptoms, as well as for symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis, asthma, or nasal polyposis, but further research is needed to confirm these findings.

- Nasal irrigation with saline solution may help alleviate symptoms of chronic sinus conditions. - Several studies have shown positive results in using nasal irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and nasal polyposis. - Nasal irrigation can be done with hypertonic saline solution or isotonic saline solution. - Nasal irrigation is generally safe and well-tolerated. - Nasal irrigation may be used as an adjunct therapy for chronic sinus conditions.

This is from WMJ in 2008 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755042/.

This study suggests that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation may be an effective treatment for chronic sinus symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma, and nasal polyposis.

- Saline nasal irrigation is an adjunctive therapy for rhinosinusitis and sinus symptoms. - Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation (HSNI) may be effective for symptoms associated with allergy, asthma, and nasal polyposis. - Patients with frequent rhinosinusitis and daily sinus symptoms, symptoms of concomitant allergic rhinitis, asthma, or polyposis may improve with HSNI. - Larger prospective studies are needed in patients with these diagnoses.

This is from PubMed in 2008 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18593081/

This study suggests that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation may be effective in improving symptoms related to allergy, asthma, or nasal polyposis in patients with frequent rhinosinusitis and daily sinus symptoms.

- Saline nasal irrigation is an adjunctive therapy for rhinosinusitis and sinus symptoms. - Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation (HSNI) may be effective for symptoms associated with allergy, asthma, and nasal polyposis. - Patients with frequent rhinosinusitis and daily sinus symptoms, symptoms of concomitant allergic rhinitis, asthma, or polyposis may improve with HSNI. - HSNI is an effective adjunctive treatment for symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. - Larger prospective studies are needed in patients with these diagnoses.

This is from PubMed in 2008 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18593081/.

Nasal irrigation is a safe and effective method for managing sinus problems, and while there is some evidence that it may reduce the duration and severity of COVID-19, it is too soon to say whether it is effective in preventing or lessening the risk of infection.

- Nasal irrigation is a safe and inexpensive treatment that can be performed at home. - Nasal irrigation is effective at managing a range of sinus problems. - There is some evidence that nasal irrigation may be helpful for people who are already infected with SARS-CoV-2. - It may reduce the duration of illness, and also may reduce the amount of virus that someone sheds.

This is from Connect UCLA Health in 2022 at https://connect.uclahealth.org/2022/03/28/nasal-irrigation-may-help-wont-hurt-with-covid-19/.

Nasal irrigation, an ancient practice of upper respiratory care, has been found to be effective in treating acute and chronic sinonasal conditions, but further research is needed to standardize methods and determine the best solutions, devices, and durations of treatment in order to be widely considered in treatment guidelines.

- Nasal irrigation is a medical procedure that is not well defined. - Saline irrigation can help with chronic sinonasal symptoms and after endoscopic sinus surgery. - Pulsatile nasal irrigation can help with the prognosis of functional endoscopic sinus surgery. - Saline irrigation can be an adjunctive treatment for allergic rhinitis and can reduce medication use in children. - Hypertonic saline nasal spray can improve symptoms and quality of life in persistent allergic rhinitis. - Saline solutions can impact mucociliary activity in various nasal pathologies. - Peak nasal inspiratory flow reference values can be used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

This is from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2017 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451967/.

Nasal irrigation, especially with undiluted seawater, is highly effective for treating various nasal conditions and improving overall nasal health.

- Nasal irrigation is effective for treating sinonasal issues. - Large-volume low-pressure irrigation with undiluted seawater is the most effective method. - Seawater has beneficial components like bicarbonates, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. - Slightly alkaline pH enhances mucociliary function. - No single irrigation solution is proven superior; further studies are needed.

This is from European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology in 2015 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879729615001003

Nasal lavage, or nasal irrigation, is a better way to relieve nasal and sinus symptoms caused by hay fever, allergies, or sinus infections, as it removes allergens and pockets of infection, moisturizes the nasal lining, and makes it easier to breathe. Neilmed Sinus Rinse is an effective nasal irrigation device that holds 240 ml of liquid and delivers the solution with low but adequate pressure into the nasal passages, allowing for a thorough cleansing job.

- Blowing your nose can create a build-up of excess pressure in the sinus cavities. - Nasal lavage gets rid of any allergy-provoking material in your nose, clears your nose and makes it easier to breathe, moisturizes your nasal lining, and feels refreshing. - Effective nasal irrigation devices must have the capacity to hold a large volume of saline solution, the ability to deliver the solution with low but adequate pressure into the nasal passages, and the saline solution must travel up the nasal passage and out through the other nostril. - Neilmed Sinus Rinse ticks all the boxes for success.

This is from Laryngoscope in 2000 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10764089/. This is from the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in 1998 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9802361/.

This study found that there are differences in the nasal microbiome between COVID-19 positive and negative individuals, with a reduction in the abundance of Corynebacterium associated with anosmia, a common symptom of COVID-19. Further research is needed to establish the relationship between nasal microbiota and COVID-19 clinical features.

- The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract may play a role in COVID-19 severity and anosmia. - Gut microbiome alterations have also been observed in COVID-19 patients. - The loss of bacterial diversity in the sinuses may be associated with milder smell discrimination scores. - The nasal microbiome may mirror and shape olfactory function. - The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been highlighted. - Severe COVID-19 is associated with an altered upper respiratory tract microbiome. - The microbiota may be a potentially modifiable factor influencing COVID-19.

This is from BMC Infectious Diseases in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9802018/.

Nasal saline irrigation is a beneficial low-risk treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis, but evidence is limited regarding the most optimal delivery method and saline composition.

- Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) is a common treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). - NSI is a safe and effective treatment option for CRS. - High-volume, low-pressure devices are the most common method of administration. - More evidence is required to determine the efficacy of this treatment. - Contamination should be avoided and providers should thoroughly educate patients on NSI hygiene recommendations.

This is from International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology in 2023 at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/alr.22330.

Saline nasal irrigation is a useful addition to the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis, but its efficacy in acute rhinosinusitis is limited and still under investigation.

- Saline nasal irrigation (SNI) is a useful addition for treating chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) symptoms. - SNI use in acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) therapy is controversial and has limited efficacy. - Nasal douches are recommended for both CRS and ARS, along with isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions in CRS (in ARS to a limited extent). - To prevent infections, it is essential to clean the nasal douche thoroughly and use the proper salt concentration (2-3.5%).

This is from PubMed in 2013 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354530/

Nasal sprays are being explored as a promising alternative method for preventing and treating COVID-19 due to their potential for easy administration and effective mucosal immunity.

This is from Pharmacol Rep. in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9969373/.

Nasal sprays are being explored as a potential method for preventing and treating COVID-19, as they offer advantages such as needle-free administration, self-administration, and ease of use, and can target the upper respiratory tract where the virus initially invades. However, further research and clinical trials are needed to determine their effectiveness.

This is from PMC in 2023. You can find the article here.

Nasal therapy could play a crucial role in preventing and treating COVID-19 by targeting the virus at its main entry point in the nose, complementing traditional vaccines.

This is from PLoS Pathog in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8612505/

In a randomized controlled trial, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal rinses with neutral electrolyzed water reduced the risk of COVID-19 infection among front-line healthcare professionals, providing an effective and safe additional protective measure.

- Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal rinses with neutral electrolyzed water can prevent COVID-19 in front-line health professionals. - Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care can be safe and effective in treating COVID-19. - The ACE2 receptor, which is the entry point for SARS-CoV-2, is highly expressed in the oral mucosa. - Nasal irrigations may be beneficial for non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19. - The viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples can be used for virological assessment of infected patients. - Male sex is identified as a risk factor for severe outcomes of COVID-19. - Comorbidities have a deleterious impact on COVID-19 patients. - Proper protection procedures and preventions are crucial in healthcare settings for nursing personnel. - There are myths surrounding the use of saline solutions for COVID-19 prevention.

This is from Biomed Rep in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8719325/

Nasopharyngeal wash using hypertonic saline gargles and nasal wash may be useful in preventing and treating upper respiratory tract infections, including COVID-19, and further research is needed to evaluate its effectiveness.

- Nasopharyngeal wash can help prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infections. - There is no financial support or conflict of interest related to this research. - Saline nasal irrigation can be effective in treating chronic rhinosinusitis and acute viral rhinitis. - Gargling with hypertonic saline or green tea can help prevent upper respiratory tract infections. - Chloride ions can augment the antiviral innate immune response in non-myeloid cells. - Two outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in nursing homes were associated with rhinovirus. - SARS-CoV-2 can remain stable on surfaces for a period of time.

This is from Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7353928/.

A nasal wash with normal saline can significantly reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, potentially helping to lower transmission rates.

- Nasopharyngeal washes with normal saline (0.9%) effectively reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. - Patients receiving saline washes showed an 8.9% decrease in viral load, while the control group experienced a 9.7% increase. - More patients in the saline group tested negative for the virus two weeks after discharge compared to the control group. - No significant adverse effects were reported from the saline washes. - The study suggests that saline washes could be a safe and affordable method to help reduce virus transmission.

This is from Canadian Respiratory Journal in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9556252/

This book explores the use of the neti pot, a tool for nasal irrigation from the ancient traditions of yoga and Ayurveda, which can help alleviate nasal congestion, sinus allergies, headaches, and other health problems.

This is from Archive in 2023 at https://archive.org/details/netihealingsecre0000fraw.

Nasal irrigation, an ancient practice which involves rinsing the sinuses with salt-water solutions, can be an effective way to reduce sinus inflammation and prevent sinus infections, as long as proper safety guidelines are followed.

- Nasal irrigation can be an effective way to ease sinus inflammation and help prevent recurrent sinus infections. - Nasal irrigation is a type of personal hygiene that can be beneficial for sinus health. - Nasal irrigation works by the mechanical action of the liquid pouring into the sinuses that helps soften and ultimately dislodge some of the mucus lining. - It is crucial to rinse or irrigate the sinuses safely by using only distilled or boiled water and properly cleaning the device used to insert the water. - Adding salt to the nasal rinse can feel better since nasal passages are naturally salty. - There are several ways to get the water into the passages behind your nose, including using a squirt bottle, a pump designed for this purpose, or a vessel with a long spout called a neti pot.

This is from Everyday Health in 2023 at https://www.everydayhealth.com/sinus-infection/irrigating-your-sinuses-with-neti-pots-nose-sprays/.

This review article explores the potential clinical applications of electrolyzed water, including its use in oral health interventions, disinfection of hospital surfaces, and decontamination of animal transport vehicles, highlighting the efficacy of electrolyzed water against various pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus.

- Electrolyzed water has been shown to have antimicrobial properties and can be used for disinfection in various settings, including dental units, hospitals, and animal transport vehicles. - Some studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of electrolyzed water in inactivating viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus and Newcastle disease virus. - Electrolyzed water has also been shown to be effective in reducing the prevalence of oral opportunistic pathogens and caries risk in children. - There is potential for the use of electrolyzed water in ensuring the safety and quality of meat and seafood products.

This is from Microorganisms in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7827692/.

Electrolyzed water (EW) is a novel disinfectant that has been widely used for several years and has shown potential significance in high-risk clinical settings, wound healing, and dental clinics. It is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, with advantages such as being on-the-spot, cheap, environmentally friendly, and safe for human beings.

- Electrolyzed water shows potential for various applications, including disinfection and decontamination. - It has been found effective against microbial loads and quality of fresh fruits. - Electrolyzed water has shown promise in managing dental caries and oral health. - It has demonstrated antimicrobial properties and effectiveness against oral pathogens. - Electrolyzed water has been used for cleaning and disinfection in hospitals and care homes. - It has been effective in inactivating viruses and bacteria. - Electrolyzed water has been studied for its potential in food safety and meat and seafood product quality. - It has shown efficacy in decontaminating surfaces and water lines. - Electrolyzed water has been explored for its potential in environmental sterilization and air disinfection. - It has been studied for its impact on the spread and increase of COVID-19.

This is from Microorganisms in 2021. Link

The article explores the potential link between low levels of nitric oxide and increased severity of COVID-19, suggesting that nitric oxide may play a crucial role in both respiratory health and the outcomes of COVID-19 infections.

This is from Med Sci (Basel) in 2022 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8788438/

The key takeaway of this article is that maintaining an open and clean nose is essential for overall respiratory health and can significantly impact quality of life.

- An "open and clean nose" contributes to subjective wellness. - Nasal function significantly affects quality of life. - Nasal resistance and allergic inflammation depend on allergen type. - Nasal irrigation can be used as an ancillary treatment for acute rhinosinusitis. - Nasal cytology is a precision medicine tool in clinical practice. - Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression is found on nasal epithelial cells in acute rhinoconjunctivitis caused by pollen exposure. - Quality of life in allergic rhinitis is related to clinical, immunological, and functional aspects.

This is from Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6502079/

Oral bacteriotherapy, as a complementary treatment, showed potential benefits in reducing mortality rates in severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients, according to a retrospective cohort study.

- Oral bacteriotherapy may be beneficial for patients with COVID-19. - The gut-lung microbiota axis and high-fiber diet with probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection. - The commensal microbiota plays a role in viral infections. - Hypoalbuminemia, coagulopathy, and vascular disease are associated with COVID-19.

This is from Front. Nutr., 11 January 2021, at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.613928.

Tongue scraping and brushing have been practiced for centuries in various cultures, and recent research has shown that it is important for oral hygiene as plaque-forming streptococcal counts increase tenfold after a week of not brushing the tongue.

- Tongue scraping and brushing have been practiced for centuries in many parts of the world. - Tongue scrapers have been made of various materials throughout history. - Recent scientific research has renewed interest in tongue cleaning. - Evidence has shown that plaque-forming streptococcal counts increased tenfold after a week of not brushing the tongue.

This is from Acta Odontologica Scandinavica in 2017 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002817716304536?via%3Dihub.

The oral microbiome, consisting of diverse bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, plays a crucial role in oral health and overall well-being.

- The human oral microbiome plays a significant role in oral health and disease. - Metagenomic sequencing can reveal the composition and functional potential of the oral microbiota associated with periodontal disease. - Genomic DNA amplification techniques, such as multiple displacement amplification, can be used to amplify DNA from a single bacterium. - High-resolution transcriptomics can be used to study bacterial metabolism during infection. - Deep sequencing of the oral microbiome can identify signatures of periodontal disease. - Metatranscriptomics can provide insights into the gene expression dynamics of the oral microbiome during health and disease. - Metaproteomics is a new approach for studying the functional microbial ecology of the oral microbiome. - Salivary biomarkers show promise for the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. - Metabolomics can reveal elevated macromolecular degradation in periodontal disease. - Bioinformatic tools, such as Oral Card, can be used to study the oral proteome.

This is from AIMS Microbiol. in 2018. Link

The oral microbiome plays a significant role in COVID-19 infection and its severity, highlighting the importance of maintaining a balanced oral microbiota for overall health and immune response.

- Probiotics may have potential benefits in preventing and treating COVID-19. - The oral microbiome plays a role in respiratory infections. - Gut microbiota composition may reflect disease severity and immune responses in COVID-19 patients. - There is an association between periodontitis (gum disease) and the severity of COVID-19 infection. - Probiotics have immunomodulatory effects and may help improve immune responses. - Probiotics have antiviral activity and may help prevent viral infections. - Probiotics may have a beneficial effect on respiratory tract infections. - Probiotics have been studied in the context of COVID-19 and show promise as a complementary therapeutic strategy. - Probiotics may help modulate the gut-lung axis and reduce inflammation in COVID-19. - Probiotics have been shown to have positive effects on oral health. - Probiotics have been studied in the context of COVID-19 transmission and prevention. - Probiotics may have a positive impact on the immune system and nutritional status in COVID-19 patients. - Probiotics may have potential antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. - Probiotics have been investigated as a preventive and treatment strategy for COVID-19. - Probiotics may have a role in mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection. - Probiotics may have potential benefits in hypertension and angiotensin receptor-blocking drugs. - Targeting the microbiome may be an alternative strategy for fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection. - Diet supplementation, probiotics, and nutraceuticals have been explored in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. - Viral symptoms in children and SARS-CoV-2 are relevant for pediatric dentists.

This is from Vojnosanitetski pregled 2023 Volume 80, Issue 4, Pages: 289-301 at https://doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=0042-84502300014N

This article provides an overview of the oral microbiome, including its role in health and disease, methods for studying it, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications, highlighting the importance of understanding the diversity of the healthy oral microbiome and challenges of human microbiome research.

- The oral microbiome is the collection of microorganisms that live in the mouth. - The oral microbiome has been linked to many health conditions, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and even systemic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. - Advances in technology have allowed researchers to better understand the oral microbiome and its role in health and disease. - Researchers hope to use this knowledge to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools for oral and systemic diseases.

This is from J Oral Maxillofac Pathol in 2019 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6503789/.

The results of this pilot study suggest that the administration of oropharyngeal probiotics to frontline medical staff fighting against COVID-19 significantly reduced the incidence of respiratory tract infections, shortened the duration of infections, and decreased the number of days absent from work.

- Oropharyngeal probiotic ENT-K12 prevents respiratory tract infections among frontline medical staff fighting against COVID-19. - The pilot study supports the effectiveness of the probiotic in reducing respiratory infections. - The probiotic may be beneficial for healthcare workers. - The study suggests a potential preventive measure for respiratory tract infections.

This is from Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology in 2021 at URL.

The key takeaway of this article is that nutrition and probiotic therapy play an important role in the management of COVID-19, as they can support the immune system and improve the nutritional status of patients, potentially leading to better outcomes.

- Probiotics have potential uses in clinical practice. - Probiotics may be effective in managing childhood diarrhea. - Probiotics can alter gut microbiota and attenuate fecal inflammatory markers. - Probiotics have been studied for their potential role in respiratory virus infections. - Probiotics have been investigated for their effects on the immune response to influenza vaccination. - Probiotics may have beneficial effects in viral infections by affecting the innate and acquired immune systems. - Probiotics have been shown to protect human and animal intestinal epithelial and immune cells from enteric virus infection. - Probiotics may play a role in the treatment of COVID-19 patients and prevention of complications associated with increased antibiotic use. - Gut dysbiosis can impact secondary disease outcomes during viral respiratory infections. - Probiotics have been studied for their potential link to COVID-19.

This is from Nutrients in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8538178/

The pharmaceutical composition of chlorine shows promise in the treatment of respiratory viral infections, as detailed in the provided patent document.

- Pharmaceutical composition of chlorine is safe for the treatment of respiratory viral infection. - The composition is administered by inhalation. - The concentration of chlorine is in the range of 0.1 to 2 ppm. - Inhalation time and frequency may vary depending on the specific treatment regimen. - The composition is easy to prepare and cost-effective. - The treatment method helps minimize the concentration of the virus. - The composition can be administered as a liquid, mist, spray, aerosol, or steam. - The composition may contain chlorine gas or chlorine-releasing compounds. - Inactive ingredients and stabilizing agents may be included in the composition. - The pH of the solution is in the range of 1 to 8. - The composition can be administered from 1 to 10 times per day.

This is from USPTO PatentCenter in 2021 at Link

This study found that Johnson and Johnson's Baby Shampoo, which was tested as a topical virucidal agent in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, had no impact on reducing viral titers or symptom scores in treated subjects relative to controls, and lacked efficacy due to pharmacokinetic failure.

- Johnson and Johnson's Baby Shampoo (J&J) was tested as a topical virucidal agent in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. - J&J irrigations had no impact on viral titers or symptom scores in treated subjects relative to controls. - Lack of efficacy reflected pharmacokinetic failure, with the most virucidal J&J detergent components rapidly absorbed from nasal surfaces. - This study emphasizes the need to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of virucidal agents on airway surfaces to guide clinical trials.

This is from "PMC" in 2023 at https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/8132247.

This article explores different physical interventions that can be used to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses, such as wearing masks, social distancing, and improving ventilation.

- Physical interventions can help reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. - Examples of physical interventions include wearing masks, social distancing, and hand hygiene. - These interventions can be effective in reducing the transmission of respiratory viruses in both community and healthcare settings. - It is important to use a combination of interventions to achieve the greatest impact.

This is from PMC in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9885521/

This study reviewed the effectiveness of physical interventions (such as masks, hand hygiene, and physical distancing) in preventing the spread of respiratory viruses and found that the evidence is limited and more research is needed. The use of medical/surgical masks in the community probably makes little or no difference to the outcome of influenza-like illness (ILI)/COVID-19 like illness compared to not wearing masks, while hand hygiene is likely to modestly reduce the burden of respiratory illness.

- Physical interventions, such as masks, hand hygiene, and quarantine, have been studied to interrupt or reduce the spread of acute respiratory viruses. - The effectiveness of face masks is uncertain, and the evidence is of low to moderate certainty. - Wearing masks in the community probably makes little or no difference to the outcome of influenza-like illness (ILI)/COVID-19 like illness compared to not wearing masks. - Hand hygiene is likely to modestly reduce the burden of respiratory illness. - There is a need for large, well-designed randomized controlled trials addressing the effectiveness of many of these interventions in multiple settings and populations, as well as the impact of adherence on effectiveness, especially in those most at risk of acute respiratory infections.

This is from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2023 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36715243/.

The effectiveness of physical interventions, such as hand hygiene, masks, and N95/P2 respirators, in reducing the spread of respiratory viruses is uncertain due to a high risk of bias in studies and variations in outcome measurements, but hand hygiene programs may be beneficial in reducing the burden of respiratory illness.

- Face masks may not have a substantial effect on influenza transmission. - Eye protection and physical distancing measures are believed to be effective but have limited evidence. - Hand hygiene may have mixed and inconclusive results in preventing the transmission of respiratory viruses. - The evidence for non-drug interventions is based on small and underpowered trials with poor reporting of methods and lack of blinding.

This is from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2023 at https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6/full.

The Department of Defense is testing portable devices that generate hypochlorous acid disinfectant on demand, providing a safer and more environmentally friendly cleaning solution compared to traditional chemical products.

- Portable on-demand hypochlorous acid (HOCl) disinfectant cleaners are effective and environmentally friendly. - They generate hospital-grade disinfectant using water, salt, and vinegar. - Demonstrated at DoD and NASA facilities, showing ease of use and effectiveness. - Cost-effective compared to traditional cleaning products. - No significant health risks or negative physical responses reported. - Effective at deodorizing and cleaning various surfaces. - Meets EPA standards and is registered as a broad-spectrum disinfectant.

This is from Journal in 2026 at https://www.denix.osd.mil/spc/demonstrations/in-planning-ongoing-demonstrations/portable-on-demand-hypochlorous-acid-disinfectant-cleaners/

The daily use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 (BLIS K12) has been associated with a significant reduction in streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis and other respiratory infections in children, suggesting its potential as a preventive measure against these diseases.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12 can be used to prevent streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children. - The use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 reduced streptococcal infections by approximately 90%. - Streptococcus salivarius K12 also showed potential in reducing tracheitis, viral pharyngitis, rhinitis, flu, laryngitis, acute otitis media, and enteritis. - Prophylactic administration of Streptococcus salivarius K12 could be a safe and cost-effective preventative measure for various pediatric infections. - The use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 may have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and anti-viral effects. - Further studies are ongoing to understand the mechanisms and potential benefits of Streptococcus salivarius K12.

This is from Journal of Dentistry for Children in 2016 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5123729/

Oral rinsing with certain mouthwash components, such as ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine, may be a potential way to reduce transmission of COVID-19 through the throat and salivary glands, according to a review of existing research. However, more research is needed to determine the efficacy of specific formulations and their potential clinical use.

- Oral rinsing may be a potential way to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2. - Several widely available dental mouthwash components have been shown to disrupt viral lipid biomembranes, including those of coronaviruses. - Existing formulations of oral rinses should be evaluated for their potential to disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 lipid envelope. - Population-based interventions with available mouthwashes could be undertaken, with active monitoring of outcome to determine efficacy.

This is from American Physiological Society in 2020 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33215159/.

This article discusses the use of povidone-iodine as a topical solution to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 in the sinonasal and oral cavities, with concentrations of 0.2-0.5% recommended to minimize toxicity, and use recommended in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

- Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is likely effective in safely eradicating SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oral cavity, and oropharynx, but studies are needed to confirm its efficacy against this new pathogen. - PVP-I has been shown to be effective against other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS, in vitro. - PVP-I has been used as a preoperative disinfectant and mouthwash to reduce the risk of infection. - PVP-I has been shown to have bactericidal and virucidal efficacy against respiratory and oral tract pathogens, including MERS-CoV and modified vaccinia virus Ankara.

This is from Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery in 2020 at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0145561320932318.

Using far-UVC lighting in populated rooms can significantly reduce the transmission of airborne coronavirus, providing a safe and effective method of disinfection without harming people.

- Far-UVC light (222 nm) effectively inactivates airborne coronaviruses. - Safe for use in populated rooms without harming human skin. - Can be a valuable tool for reducing the spread of airborne diseases. - Research supports the development of UV-based disinfection systems.

This is from Scientific Reports in 2020 at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76597-y

Gargling with water is an effective and low-cost way to prevent upper respiratory tract infections among healthy individuals, according to a randomized controlled trial.

- Gargling with water can help prevent upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) among healthy people. - This is a virtually cost-free and simple method that could benefit the general population. - The study found that the incidence rate of first URTI was lower in the water gargling group compared to the control group. - Even when a URTI occurred, water gargling tended to attenuate bronchial symptoms.

This is from American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 2005 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0749379705002588.

This article reports on two cases of fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by the presence of Naegleria fowleri in household plumbing, highlighting the importance of using appropriate water, such as distilled, boiled, or filtered water, for nasal irrigation.

- Two cases of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) were caused by contaminated tap water within a household. - The cases highlight the changing epidemiology of PAM in the United States. - The first case was caused by the use of a neti pot with contaminated tap water. - The second case was caused by the use of tap water for sinus irrigation. - The remediation of the hot water system and the use of distilled, filtered, or previously boiled water for nasal irrigation can reduce the risk of PAM. - Nasal irrigation using saline solutions made with contaminated tap water does not seem to inactivate N. fowleri fast enough. - The ability of commercially available reconstituted salt packets in the neti pot to inactivate N. fowleri was tested at the CDC laboratory. - Environmental pathogens have emerged as well-documented biofilm colonizers within pipes found in manmade, engineered environmental habitats where they amplify in warm water niches such as water heaters, and shower heads. - To better address this, improved and systematic environmental sampling of water bodies and systems in the United States is needed to create a baseline for N. fowleri occurrence, followed by systematic monitoring over time to better interpret, understand, and predict potential changes in N. fowleri ecology that could lead to improved prevention activities.

This is from Clinical Infectious Diseases in 2012 at https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/55/9/e79/434487?login=false.

Probiotics may have potential therapeutic benefits in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, as they can modulate the immune response and alleviate symptoms, according to a systematic review of current evidence.

- Probiotics can help control inflammation and reduce mortality and morbidity by strengthening the immune system. - Some probiotics may alleviate symptoms and severity of COVID-19, such as diarrhea, cough, anosmia, and weakness. - Probiotics may have antiviral effects and can modulate the immune response against COVID-19. - Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains have shown positive effects in managing COVID-19. - Probiotics can improve gut microbiota and reduce the risk of secondary infections. - Probiotics may play a role in preventing and treating COVID-19, but more research is needed.

This is from Journal in Year at URL.

Probiotics can provide a comprehensive solution for oral healthcare, offering benefits such as improved oral health and a reduced risk of dental diseases.

- Probiotics offer a complete oral healthcare package. - They can help prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases. - Probiotics can also reduce bad breath and improve overall oral health. - Regular use of probiotics can be beneficial for maintaining oral hygiene. - Probiotics are a safe and natural alternative to traditional oral care products.

This is from Journal in 2024 at URL.

Probiotics have been suggested as potential prophylactics and therapeutics for COVID-19, but the current evidence is limited and inconclusive regarding their effectiveness in preventing or treating the disease.

- Probiotic supplements may not be universally effective and safe. - The gut microbiome may play a role in the COVID-19 pandemic. - Circadian rhythms can affect gut microbiota and overall health. - Bacterial transmission from probiotic capsules to blood has been observed in ICU patients. - There is a potential link between gut microbiota and metabolic and gastrointestinal pathology. - The interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome is an important consideration. - The gut microbiome can affect drug metabolism. - The gut microbiome is involved in maintaining barrier integrity in the colon. - Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii fungemia has been reported following probiotic treatment. - Bacteremia from probiotics has been observed in some cases.

This is from ScienceDirect in 2022 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405457722004521.

Initiating nasal saline irrigation after COVID-19 diagnosis in high-risk outpatients significantly reduces the risk of hospitalization, according to a study.

- Initiating nasal saline irrigation after COVID-19 diagnosis reduces hospitalization and death in high-risk outpatients. - Nasal irrigation with alkalinization resulted in no hospitalizations and one ED visit. - Nasal irrigation participants were over 8 times less likely to be hospitalized than the national rate.

This is from Journal of Link in 2023.

Nasal irrigation with saline solution can significantly reduce the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization, according to a randomized trial conducted in Augusta, Georgia.

- Nasal irrigation initiated within 24 hours of a positive PCR test result reduces hospitalizations for COVID-19. - Patients who initiated isotonic saline nasal irrigation after a positive COVID-19 PCR test were 19 times less likely to be hospitalized than the national rate. - Further research is required to determine if adding povidone-iodine to irrigation reduces morbidity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This is from Clinical Trial in 2021 at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.21262044v1.

Proper ventilation is an essential preventive measure to reduce COVID-19 transmission indoors, and the required ventilation rate depends on the type of activity, with mechanical or natural ventilation, recirculation, and intermittent exhaust as options to achieve adequate ventilation volume.

- Improving ventilation is an important measure to reduce COVID-19 transmission. - Mechanical or natural ventilation, recirculation, and intermittent exhaust are effective ways to improve ventilation. - Portable HEPA filters and ceiling-mounted HEPA-UV air filters are recommended for recirculation. - The minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of the filtration system should be targeted to 13 or more. - The Wells-Riley model can be used to estimate the maximum number of occupants or the maximum residence time allowed in a specific indoor space in advance. - Administrative controls can be used to limit the number of occupants or residence time when it is entirely impossible to improve the ventilation of the indoor space with engineering controls.

This is from Environmental Science and Pollution Research International in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8363431/.

The use of water flossers has been found to be more effective at removing biofilm and bacteria from teeth and gums than traditional flossing and manual toothbrushing, leading to potential improvements in oral health.

- Water flossers remove biofilm from tooth surfaces and bacteria from periodontal pockets better than string flossing and manual toothbrushing-together or alone. - Clinicians should consider recommending water flossers for appropriate patients to improve their oral health. - Different irrigation or water-flossing devices offer different features, designs, and combinations of pulsation and pressure. - Clinicians must consider the needs of individual patients and supporting research in selecting a model that the patient will like and use, and that will provide improved oral health.

This is from Journal of Dental Hygiene in 2012 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22536661/

This article from the US Environmental Protection Agency provides information on how to build cost-effective DIY air cleaners, made with a box fan and MERV 13 air filter, to reduce smoke concentrations during wildfire events indoors, while also emphasizing the importance of safety and effectiveness improvements to the basic DIY air cleaner design.

- DIY air cleaners made with a box fan and MERV 13 air filter are a cost-effective method for reducing smoke concentrations. - Only use newer, certified box fans with added safety features (2012 models or newer). - Improve the effectiveness of the basic DIY air cleaner design by adding a cardboard shroud, using a thicker filter(s), or using multiple filters. - Keep extra filters on hand and replace when dirty. - DIY air cleaners can effectively reduce smoke concentrations in a laboratory setting. - The most effective DIY design will depend on the space to be cleaned, the activities carried out, space availability, potential noise disruption, and other factors. - DIY air cleaners were almost completely ineffective with dirty filters, highlighting the need for frequent filter replacement during smoke events. - DIY air cleaners made with newer model box fans are unlikely to pose a fire or burn risk but should be kept clear of obstructions and operated with common sense precautions. - Portable air cleaners, including DIY air cleaners, are only part of a comprehensive indoor air quality strategy. They do not replace the need for ventilation and should be used in conjunction with other appropriate health measures.

This is from Impact of Do-It-Yourself Air Cleaner Design on the Reduction of Simulated Wildfire Smoke in a Controlled Chamber Environment in 2022 at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c05756.

The respiratory tract is the part of the respiratory system responsible for breathing in mammals and consists of the upper airways, including the nose and pharynx, and the lower airways, including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The tract conducts air breathed in, which is filtered, warmed, and moistened into the lungs, and specialized structures within the lungs, called alveoli, function in gas exchange.

- The respiratory tract is a system of organs and tissues that help us breathe. - The lungs are divided into different lobes, and each lobe is further divided up into segments called bronchopulmonary segments. - The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. - The respiratory tract is covered in epithelium, which varies down the tract. - The respiratory system is very prone to developing infections in the lungs. - Asthma is a common respiratory disease that can cause difficulty in breathing.

This is from Wikipedia in 2021 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract

This article discusses the potential efficacy of different antiseptics, such as PVP-I, iota-carrageenan, and hypertonic saline, in reducing viral load and preventing transmission of COVID-19. Several clinical trials are underway to investigate these interventions and their ability to diminish progression by reducing viral load in the early stages of infection.

- Several clinical trials are currently investigating the potential of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing the viral load of COVID-19 patients. - Carrageenan nasal spray has shown potential efficacy against the common cold. - Chlorhexidine mouthwash has been shown to be effective in improving gingival health. - Iota-carrageenan nasal spray has been shown to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms. - Neem leaves and Salvadora persica chewing sticks have been shown to have antimicrobial effects. - Nitric oxide has potential immunoregulatory and antiviral activities. - Heparin may have potential as a therapy for COVID-19. - Surfactants may be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

This is from Future Microbiol. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842245/.

Common antiseptics such as povidone-iodine, Listerine, iota-carrageenan, and chlorhexidine should be studied further in clinical trials to mitigate the progression and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 according to a review of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pandemic.

- Several clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing viral load in COVID-19 patients. - Some antiseptics being studied include chlorhexidine, nitric oxide releasing solutions, and carrageenan nasal spray. - Nasal saline irrigations have also been studied for their potential impact on viral load in COVID-19 patients. - Some studies have shown the potential efficacy of carrageenan nasal spray against the common cold. - Other potential treatments being studied include neem leaves, cyclodextrins, and heparin. - Surfactants may also be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

This is from Future Microbiol. in 2021 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842245/.

This review explores the potential of various antiseptics, such as povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and iota-carrageenan, to prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2, with several having shown the ability to reduce viral load in vitro, and many clinical trials being conducted to study their efficacy.

- Several clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing the viral load of COVID-19 patients. - Some antiseptics being studied include chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, and iota-carrageenan. - Nasal saline irrigations may also help reduce viral load in COVID-19 patients. - Neem leaves and cyclodextrins have been shown to have antimicrobial effects. - Nitric oxide may have potential antiviral and immunoregulatory activities. - Heparin may be a potential therapy for COVID-19. - Surfactants may be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

This is from PMC in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842245/.

This scientific article discusses the need to revisit the components of transmission-based precautions for the prevention of COVID-19 and other respiratory virus infections in healthcare, including the use of personal protective equipment and the definition of terms related to transmission, in order to ensure that these precautions are consistent and rationally based on available evidence.

- Personal protective equipment (PPE) is important for preventing the transmission of COVID-19 and other respiratory virus infections in healthcare settings. - Respirators (filtering face pieces) provide better protection than surgical masks, but require proper fit and training for effective use. - Eye protection may also be important for preventing transmission of respiratory viruses. - Proper donning and doffing of PPE is important to prevent self-contamination. - The risk of transmission of respiratory viruses can be reduced through physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection. - Healthcare workers should follow standard infection control precautions and the hierarchy of controls to prevent transmission of respiratory viruses.

This is from Eurosurveillance in 2023 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10416576/.

Nasal irrigation, or sinus rinsing, can offer relief for symptoms of sinus infections, allergies, cold and flu, but it is important to use the right water, clean the device after every use, not use it as a preventive measure, and seek medical treatment if used too often or for chronic sinus or allergy issues.

- Nasal irrigation can help relieve symptoms of sinus infections, allergies, colds, and flu. - Saline solution moves through nasal passages to clear out mucus, moisturize, and remove allergens and debris. - Side effects of nasal rinsing are typically minor and temporary, such as a burning or stinging sensation in the nose and mild irritation in the nasal passages. - To avoid serious issues, use the right water, make sure the nasal irrigation device is clean, and only use nasal irrigation when you need it.

This is from UCLA Health Connect in 2022 at https://connect.uclahealth.org/2022/05/02/risks-and-rewards-of-nasal-rinses-what-you-need-to-know/.

The research demonstrates that 222-nm far-UVC light is safe for eye tissue and effectively kills bacteria on the cornea, offering a promising new method for disinfection in ophthalmic surgery.

- 222-nm far-UVC exposure is safe for corneal epithelial cells. - 9 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm far-UVC effectively eliminates bacteria on the corneal surface. - Silk fibroin (SF) corneal bandages provide a suture-less alternative to amniotic membrane for corneal abrasions. - SF membranes show good bonding strength and stability in both lab and live rabbit models. - No signs of edema or significant neovascularization observed in treated corneas.

This is from IOVS in 2024 at https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2787973

The study evaluated the safety and efficacy of using electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care in preventing disease progression in patients with COVID-19, showing promising results in reducing hospitalization and death rates compared to usual medical care alone.

- Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care may be a potential treatment for COVID-19. - The treatment was compared to usual medical care alone in a randomized, open-label, controlled trial. - The study investigated the safety and efficacy of the treatment. - The treatment showed promise in expanding the domain of thoughts we can think and qualia we can feel. - The study also explored the future of knowledge representation and creative work aided by machine understanding of language. - The researcher has been writing online since 2014 and has built over 100 side projects. - The researcher is currently researching and prototyping applications of AI in collaboration and knowledge tools at Notion.

This is from Exp Ther Med in 2021. Read the article here.

Nasal lavages have been shown to have potential benefits in aiding the recovery of patients with COVID-19 and reducing the risk of viral transmission when performed with strict hygiene measures, although additives to the solutions used and the potential for droplet spread and surface contamination must be considered.

- Nasal lavages with a solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus may be a safe potential treatment and protective factor for COVID-19 infection. - Copper has been shown to have biocidal properties and can catalytically inactivate SARS coronavirus on solid surfaces. - Saline nasal irrigation has been shown to be effective in treating acute upper respiratory tract infections in infants and children. - Povidone-iodine has been suggested as a potential public health intervention for COVID-19. - The CDC has guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities, including the use of disinfectants for SARS-CoV-2.

This is from Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis in 2015 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344138. This is from PMC in 2020 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7453155/. This is from PLoS One in 2010 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/

The safety assessment of the oral cavity probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 showed that it is a safe and promising probiotic for oral health, with no adverse effects reported and stable microbial composition in the oral cavity.

- Streptococcus salivarius K12 has low pathogenic potential and is unlikely to cause disease in healthy humans. - The microbial composition of saliva did not significantly change after ingesting S. salivarius K12. - Some subjects had bacteriocin-producing S. salivarius strains in their oral cavities even after completing the course of K12 lozenges. - Counts of S. salivarius and facultatively anaerobic bacteria remained stable throughout the study.

This is from Journal of Bacteriology in 2006 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449041/

The literature review suggests that water flossers have been subject to numerous studies on their safety, efficacy, and delivery of antimicrobial agents and decades of use by the public continues to support their safety and efficacy.

- Water flossers have been subject to numerous studies on their safety, efficacy, and delivery of antimicrobial agents. - Evidence based on such studies and decades of use by the public continues to support their safety and efficacy. - Suggestions of possible detrimental effects on the attachment, junctional epithelium, or pocket depth have been disproved.

This is from the journal "Journal of Clinical Periodontology" in 2015 at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822642/.

Electrolyzed seawater can be safely used in aquaculture as a disinfectant, effectively preventing fish diseases while producing low levels of harmful organic compounds.

- Electrolyzed seawater is safe for aquaculture when used with adequate chlorine levels. - It effectively disinfects without mutagenicity. - High concentrations of available chlorine can be harmful; should be used shortly after electrolysis. - Bromoform is the main organic halogen compound produced but remains below safety standards. - Electrolyzed seawater can aid in wastewater treatment and eco-friendly aquaculture practices.

This is from Journal in 2007 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848606006752

This study explores the safety of using troclosene sodium solution for cleaning wounds, highlighting its effectiveness in decontamination without causing harm.

This is from Journal in 2026 at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/wrr.13105

Nasal and oral saline irrigation can be a safe, inexpensive, and complementary measure to help reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission and relieve symptoms of COVID-19.

- Saline nasal irrigation and gargling may help reduce viral load and improve patient outcomes in COVID-19. - Saline may help improve mucosal dynamics and prevent persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. - Nasal irrigation and gargling with hypertonic saline may prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to care home residents. - Gargling with povidone iodine has a short-term inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. - Inhalation of saline may reduce the risk of infection with coronaviruses.

This is from Frontiers in Public Health in 2023 at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1161881/full.

Saline nasal irrigation may have some benefit in relieving symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections, but the evidence is limited and of low quality, and further research is needed to establish its role as a standard intervention.

- Saline nasal irrigation can be helpful for treating symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections. - The use of hypertonic saline nasal spray has been found to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms. - Nasal irrigation with isotonic saline can also be effective in treating and preventing rhinitis in children. - Saline nasal irrigation is a low-risk, low-cost intervention that can be easily performed at home.

This is from a journal article in 2023 at URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9475221/.

Saline nasal irrigation can be an effective treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis, and may also be helpful for managing symptoms of mild to moderate allergic rhinitis and acute upper respiratory tract infections, according to consensus guidelines, although more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness for these conditions. Saline nasal irrigation is generally considered safe and can be easily performed at home with a neti pot or nasal spray bottle.

- A patient with leg pain that worsens with standing and improves with bending forward has a 75% probability of having lumbar spinal stenosis. - Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, lamotrigine, sodium valproate, and topiramate are effective in controlling seizures in newly diagnosed partial or generalized epilepsy. - Adding second-line drugs to usual treatment reduces seizure frequency in persons with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, but increases adverse effects such as dizziness and somnolence. - In persons who have been seizure-free for at least two years while on treatment, almost 60 percent of those who withdraw from antiepileptic treatment remain seizure-free, compared with almost 80 percent of persons who continue treatment. - High-dose supplemental vitamin D (482 to 770 IU per day) can reduce risk of nonvertebral fractures by at least 20 percent, and hip fractures by at least 18 percent. - Caffeine intake is directly correlated with small but notable fetal growth restriction. Although a safe threshold cannot be determined, maternal caffeine intake of less than 100 mg per day minimizes the risk of fetal growth restriction. - Patients started on rosiglitazone have higher rates of all-cause mortality and hospitalization for CHF than those using pioglitazone. The risks of MI or stroke are comparable for the two drugs.

This is from American Family Physician in 2009 at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1115/p1117.html.

Saline nasal spray can help alleviate allergy symptoms by restoring moisture to dry nasal passages, thinning mucus, and cleansing nasal passages of pollen and other allergens, but it's important to use it correctly and consult with a doctor if unsure.

- Saline nasal spray can help with nasal allergies by restoring moisture to dry nasal passages and sinuses, curbing inflammation of mucous membranes, thinning mucus, giving less postnasal drip, and cleansing nasal passages of pollen and other allergens. - Over-the-counter saline sprays and rinses can help remove pollen from the nasal lining and add moisture if your nose feels dry from winter weather. - You can easily make a saline solution at home to wash your nose and sinuses using non-iodized salt and baking soda. - If you use a nasal steroid spray to treat your allergies, doctors suggest you first use a saline spray to cleanse the nose and rid it of thick mucus and debris. - Talk to your doctor or allergist if you're not sure how to use saline nasal spray correctly.

This is from Webmd in 2023 at https://www.webmd.com/allergies/saline-spray

A new nasal spray treatment using nitric oxide has been shown to significantly accelerate the clearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms.

This is from The Lancet in 2022 at https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lansea/article/PIIS2772-3682(22)00046-4/fulltext

This study used a reverse genetics system to explore the pathogenesis of COVID-19, finding that there is a gradient of infection in the respiratory tract with the highest expression of the ACE2 receptor, which allows the virus to enter cells, in the nose, suggesting that the nose is the initial site of infection before the virus spreads to the lungs.

- The study investigates the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract. - The virus was found to infect both upper and lower respiratory tract cells. - The highest concentration of the virus was found in the nasal cavity. - The study suggests that the virus can be transmitted through both respiratory droplets and aerosols. - The findings have implications for the development of treatments and preventive measures for COVID-19.

This is from Cell in 2020 at https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30675-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867420306759%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a seawater nasal spray in reducing the duration of nasal symptoms of COVID-19 and reducing the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19, and the study will take place in France among adults subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 who developed nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea no more than 48 hours before study inclusion.

- A medical trial is being conducted to assess the efficacy of a natural seawater nasal spray, Physiomer®, to reduce duration of COVID-19 nasal symptoms and reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 disease. - Nasal saline irrigations are frequently prescribed for both prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). - The sponsor hypothesized that the daily use of seawater nasal wash in subjects with mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 would relieve nasal symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, including nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, and would reduce the intranasal viral load. - The study will take place in France among adults subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 who developed nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea no more than 48 hours before study inclusion. - Subjects positive for SARS-CoV-2 will be randomized into one of two study groups: control group or nasal wash group. - Subjects in the nasal wash group will be asked to perform daily nasal wash for a 3 weeks period with Physiomer®, a 100% seawater isotonic nasal spray. - Subjects in both groups will complete daily online questionnaires for a 3 weeks period. - The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Physiomer®, an undiluted isotonic seawater nasal spray, on reducing the duration of nasal symptoms of COVID-19 (nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea) in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19. - The study is estimated to start on May 27, 2021, and end on October 27, 2021.

This is from ClinicalTrials.gov in 2023 at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04916639.

This patent describes a new formulation of shelf-stable hypochlorous acid that can be used to treat or prevent viral and bacterial infections, offering a potential solution for conditions like the common cold and chronic wounds.

- Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can treat or prevent viral and bacterial infections. - It is effective in nasal sprays and wound care. - The composition is shelf-stable and can be made from lithium, calcium, or sodium hypochlorite. - HOCl works by killing microorganisms quickly and efficiently. - It helps in healing chronic wounds and reducing antibiotic resistance. - The product is designed to match the pH of the nasal cavity for better absorption.

This is from Journal in 2023 at https://patents.google.com/patent/US20230017920A1/en

Electrolyzed water, a simple mixture of salt and tap water, is a nontoxic and effective cleaning agent that can kill bacteria and disinfect surfaces, and is slowly gaining acceptance in the US.

- Electrolyzed water is a simple mixture of table salt and tap water whose ions have been scrambled with an electric current. - It is powerful enough to kill anthrax spores without harming people or the environment. - It has been used as a sanitizer for decades in Russia and Japan, and is slowly winning acceptance in the United States. - It is being used to kill salmonella on chicken carcasses, to disinfect produce, and to sanitize surfaces in hotels and jails. - Electrolyzed water loses its potency fairly quickly, so it can’t be stored long. - Machines are pricey and geared mainly for industrial use. - The process also needs to be monitored frequently for the right strength.

This is from Los Angeles Times in 2009 at https://www.latimes.com/la-fi-magicwater23-2009feb23-story.html.

A simple nasal wash with saline water can potentially reduce the severity of COVID-19 by flushing out viruses from the sinuses, according to a new study from Augusta University, which found that nasal washes conducted within 24 hours of diagnosis can prevent the virus from entering the lungs and causing lasting damage, making the technique easy to use, inexpensive, and safe.

- Simple nasal washes with mild saline water can prevent hospitalization and deaths from COVID-19, if applied twice daily following a positive diagnosis. - Reducing the amount of virus entering the body cuts the severity of the disease. - Nasal washes conducted within 24 hours of diagnosis can prevent the virus from entering the lungs and possibly causing permanent or fatal damage to patients. - Nasal washes are inexpensive and safe and can be administered at home using half a teaspoon each of salt and baking soda in a cup of boiled or distilled water. - Only 1.3% of COVID-19 patients who underwent nasal wash required hospitalization, suggesting that they were more than eight times less likely to be hospitalized compared with the 11% in the CDC dataset.

This is from Ear, Nose & Throat Journal in 2022 at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01455613221123737.

A sinus flush, also known as nasal irrigation, can help relieve congestion and sinus irritation caused by sinus infections, allergies, or colds, and is generally safe as long as sterile water is used, but those who have recently had sinus surgery should avoid cold water and follow other safety guidelines.

- A sinus flush is a safe and simple remedy for nasal congestion and sinus irritation that just about anyone can do at home. - Saline can wash away allergens, mucus, and other debris, and help to moisten the mucous membranes. - A sinus flush carries a small risk of infection and other side effects, but these risks can be easily avoided by following a few simple safety rules. - Doctors most often recommend using saline irrigation for chronic sinusitis. - A sinus flush can be effective at relieving nasal congestion and irritation, caused by a sinus infection, allergies, or a cold.

This is from Healthline in 2019 at https://www.healthline.com/health/sinus-flush.

Irrigating the sinuses twice a day with a saltwater solution may reduce the risk of hospitalization from Covid-19 by 8.5-fold, according to a clinical trial from Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, providing an easy and inexpensive method to help protect against Covid-19 for those with limited access to healthcare.

- Nasal irrigation with a simple saltwater solution can lead to an 8.5-fold reduction in hospitalization from Covid-19. - Reducing the amount of virus in the nose might give the immune system a better chance to react and control that growth before it got out of hand. - Patients who strictly adhered to nasal irrigation had fewer, shorter and less severe symptoms than people in the study who missed some of their saline rinses. - Premeasured packets of saline are inexpensive and can be purchased at any drug store.

This is from leaps.org in 2023. You can find the article here.

Sodium 1,5-dichloro-4,6-dioxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,5-triazin-2olate (NaDCC) is a broad-spectrum fast-acting sanitizer and water sterilizer, effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, with potential benefits in household water treatment interventions, but further research is needed to assess its microbiological effectiveness, compliance, acceptability, and affordability.

- Microorganisms can adapt to various environmental conditions and develop resistance or tolerance to antiseptics and disinfectants. - The effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants can be influenced by factors such as inadequate cleaning, incorrect product use, or ineffective infection control practices. - Different antiseptic and disinfectant products can vary significantly in efficacy, even if they contain similar levels of biocides. - Further research is needed to better understand the mode of action of antiseptics and disinfectants and to develop more effective compounds and products.

This is from World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research in 2024 at this link.

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets can be a safe and effective alternative to sodium hypochlorite for treating drinking water at home.

This is from Journal in 2025 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463905001392

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets can be a viable alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for treating drinking water at the household level, offering potential advantages in terms of safety, effectiveness, affordability, and scalability, especially in low-income settings.

- Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets are an alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for treating drinking water at the household level. - NaDCC may have certain advantages over NaOCl for household-based interventions in development settings. - NaDCC tablets have been shown to be effective in disinfecting water and reducing waterborne diseases. - NaDCC tablets are safe for routine treatment of drinking water. - NaDCC tablets may increase compliance and acceptability compared to NaOCl. - NaDCC tablets are affordable and scalable for use in low-income settings. - Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits and effectiveness of NaDCC tablets in water treatment.

This is from Journal of Hospital Infection in 1985 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670185800141 This is from The Lancet Infectious Diseases in 2005 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309904012538 This is from Journal of Food Protection in 2003 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X22032641 This is from Journal of the American Water Works Association in 2000 This is from Journal of Applied Bacteriology This is from Journal of Applied Bacteriology This is from Journal of Hospital Infection This is from Journal of Applied Bacteriology

Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a chlorine-releasing compound used for disinfection of medical devices, instruments, linen, floors, and surfaces, with specific preparations and precautions for different applications.

- Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a disinfectant and chlorine-releasing compound. - It is used for disinfection of medical devices, instruments, linen, floors, and surfaces. - NaDCC comes in effervescent tablets, granules, and powder. - The recommended concentration for disinfection solutions is 0.1% active chlorine (1000 ppm). - Precautions include preparing solutions with cold water, avoiding contact with acid solutions and detergents, and protecting stainless steel instruments from corrosion. - NaDCC can be used for wound antisepsis, but only if the formulation is intended for this purpose. - Some formulations can be used for disinfecting drinking water, following the manufacturer's instructions. - NaDCC is also known as sodium troclosene and sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione. - It should be stored in an airtight container, protected from light, heat, and humidity.

This is from Medical Guidelines in 2024 at https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/EssDr/english/sodium-dichloroisocyanurate-nadcc-16688134.html

The study evaluated the potential toxic effects of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) after inhalation exposure in rats, finding that it can cause adverse effects on the respiratory system, such as lung inflammation and histopathological changes, with a concentration-dependent relationship. However, these effects were observed to decrease during the recovery period, and the no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of NaDCC was determined to be 2.0 mg/m3 for both male and female rats.

- NaDCC (Sodium dichloroisocyanurate) exposure for 90 days can cause respiratory system toxicity in rats. - Nasal cavity and tracheal changes include eosinophilic globules, mucous cell hyperplasia, and epithelial atrophy. - Lung changes include thickened alveolar duct walls. - Most of the observed lesions are non-serious and reversible. - Hematology and blood biochemical changes were not considered toxicologically relevant. - No changes in mortality, body weight, and food consumption were observed. - No serious histopathological symptoms were observed in other organs. - The "no observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs)" of inhaled NaDCC is 2.0 mg/m3 for both sexes. - Inhalation exposure to NaDCC may have a higher toxicity risk compared to oral administration.

This is from Journal in 2022 at URL