Research

Key points

• Portable on-demand hypochlorous acid (HOCl) disinfectant cleaners are effective and environmentally friendly.
• They generate hospital-grade disinfectant using water, salt, and vinegar.
• Demonstrated at DoD and NASA facilities, showing ease of use and effectiveness.
• Cost-effective compared to traditional cleaning products.
• No significant health risks or negative physical responses reported.
• Effective at deodorizing and cleaning various surfaces.
• Meets EPA standards and is registered as a broad-spectrum disinfectant.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed seawater is safe for aquaculture when used with adequate chlorine levels.
• It effectively disinfects without mutagenicity.
• High concentrations of available chlorine can be harmful; should be used shortly after electrolysis.
• Bromoform is the main organic halogen compound produced but remains below safety standards.
• Electrolyzed seawater can aid in wastewater treatment and eco-friendly aquaculture practices.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid is a natural disinfectant, effective and safe for surfaces and skin.
• It is over 100 times more effective than bleach at killing pathogens.
• Made in the body by white blood cells to fight infections.
• Not shelf-stable; sensitive to light, air, and pH changes.
• Increasing use in beauty products, but consumers should look for pure formulations without additives.
• Potential applications in medical contexts, such as nasal sprays.
• Safe for use around pets and children, unlike bleach.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a safe and effective disinfectant, more potent than bleach.
• It naturally occurs in the body to fight infections.
• HOCl is approved for use by the FDA and is increasingly used in healthcare and cleaning products.
• It has a short shelf life and is sensitive to light and air.
• New manufacturing processes are extending its shelf life for consumer products.
• HOCl is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including norovirus and SARS-CoV-2.
• Research is ongoing into its medical applications, particularly for respiratory infections.
• Consumer awareness and regulation of HOCl products are still developing.

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Key points

• Treatment of war wounds has evolved significantly over centuries.
• Advances in medical evacuation and surgical techniques have reduced mortality rates.
• Historical practices influenced modern trauma care, including the importance of timely treatment.
• Antibiotics and antiseptic practices have become essential in managing infections.
• The role of organized medical teams and triage systems has improved patient outcomes.
• Current military care emphasizes rapid response and advanced techniques for complex injuries.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is effective for infection prevention and wound care.
• It promotes healing and reduces scarring.
• Useful for inflammatory skin conditions like atopic dermatitis and pruritus.
• Exhibits antimicrobial properties with low toxicity to skin cells.
• Emerging research suggests benefits for acne and seborrheic dermatitis.
• Generally well-tolerated with a good safety profile.

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Key points

• EPA exempts hypochlorous acid residues from tolerance requirements for food-contact surfaces in public eating places.
• Effective date: September 14, 2022.
• No comments were received on the proposal; exemption finalized.
• Exemption ensures no harm from aggregate exposure, including to infants and children.
• Limit set at 200 ppm total available chlorine for hypochlorous acid use.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a promising respiratory antiseptic.
• It may effectively treat bacterial and viral infections, including COVID-19.
• HOCl has low toxicity and is part of the body's immune system.
• It can be produced easily and is cost-effective.
• Research supports its use in inhalation therapies for respiratory health.
• Ongoing studies are evaluating its clinical efficacy and safety.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a promising respiratory antiseptic.
• It can combat bacterial and viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2.
• HOCl is low in toxicity and effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
• Inhalation of HOCl may be beneficial for respiratory health.
• Ongoing studies are evaluating its efficacy in clinical settings.

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Key points

• NaDCC is a powerful disinfectant due to its ability to generate hypochlorous acid (HOCl).
• HOCl effectively kills a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
• NaDCC is stable in solid form, ensuring potency until use.
• It offers a controlled release of HOCl, maintaining disinfectant activity over time.
• NaDCC performs well across various pH levels, enhancing its effectiveness in different water conditions.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation reduces allergic rhinitis symptoms.
• No significant side effects were reported with HOCl use.
• HOCl showed no additional benefit compared to saline nasal irrigation.
• Both treatments improved symptoms over four weeks.

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Key points

• Intranasal lavage with hypochlorous acid may safely reduce COVID-19 symptoms in outpatients.
• Study involved 88 patients, with 74 completing the treatment.
• No patients required mechanical ventilation; no deaths occurred.
• Mild side effects included nasal burning and metallic taste.
• Further research is needed to confirm effectiveness and explore broader applications.

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Key points

• Low-concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation reduces allergic rhinitis symptoms.
• No significant side effects were observed with HOCl treatment.
• HOCl showed no additional benefit compared to saline nasal irrigation.
• Both HOCl and saline groups experienced similar improvements in symptoms.

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Key points

• Nasal sprays may help prevent respiratory tract infections (RTIs).
• Many people are interested in using nasal sprays for prevention, especially those with recurrent or severe infections.
• Concerns about nasal sprays include side effects, complexity, and personal experiences.
• Providing information and support can help address doubts and improve adoption.

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Key points

• PCANS is a drug-free nasal spray that prevents respiratory infections.
• It forms a protective coating in the nasal cavity to capture and neutralize pathogens.
• Reduces pathogen load by over 99.99%.
• Safe for daily use and retains in the nasal cavity for at least 8 hours.
• Protects against severe H1N1 Influenza in mice, improving survival and reducing lung viral levels.

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Key points

• Inhaled N-chlorotaurine (NCT) significantly improved survival rates in mice with Lichtheimia corymbifera pneumonia.
• 77.8% of mice treated with NCT survived, compared to 11.1% in the control group.
• NCT treatment reduced fungal load and improved inflammation markers.
• No significant effect was observed in mice with Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia, likely due to high inoculum levels.
• NCT was well-tolerated with no adverse effects noted.
• The study highlights NCT's potential as an effective treatment for certain fungal pneumonias.

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Key points

• Inhaled N-chlorotaurine (NCT) is well tolerated with mild side effects.
• Primary lung function measure (FEV1) remained stable during and after treatment.
• Common side effects included a mild chlorine taste and throat tickle.
• No significant systemic absorption of NCT was detected.
• Study supports NCT as a potential inhaled antiseptic for respiratory infections.

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Key points

• N-chlorotaurine (NCT) shows strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV.
• Effective in reducing viral particles significantly within minutes.
• Works well even in the presence of organic materials, enhancing its effectiveness.
• Safe for inhalation with minimal side effects.
• Potential for use as a treatment for viral respiratory infections without needing specific diagnostics.

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Key points

• Neosporin may trigger an immune response that helps repel respiratory viruses.
• Study suggests it could serve as an extra layer of protection against illnesses like COVID-19 and flu.
• More research is needed to confirm effectiveness in preventing infections.
• Concerns about antibiotic resistance and proper application methods exist.
• Potential benefits for vulnerable populations if proven effective.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid gas effectively kills influenza A virus aerosols.
• A concentration of 1 vol. gas in 2 million vol. air can destroy 99% of virus particles.
• No significant toxic effects observed in mice and cats from inhaling the gas.
• Acute irritation of mucous membranes noted, but no increased susceptibility to influenza infection.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an effective disinfectant against resistant pathogens.
• It is safe for human tissues and environmentally friendly.
• Stable HOCl can be produced without toxic waste.
• HOCl shows promise in controlling infections, including prions.
• Its use can enhance infection control in healthcare settings.
• Adoption of HOCl can address gaps in traditional sterilization methods.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective for floor cleaning and sanitation.
• It reduces organic dirt and microbial charge significantly.
• No chemical residues are left on surfaces after use.
• HOCl does not damage floor materials, even after multiple applications.
• The system is eco-friendly, reducing CO2 emissions by about 30% compared to traditional detergents.
• It is safe, easy to use, and cost-effective for large area disinfection.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is gaining popularity in skincare but has a long history as a wound disinfectant.
• It has FDA approval for various medical uses, including wound care and infection management.
• HOCl is effective in reducing microbial load in wounds and may aid in wound healing.
• It shows promise in treating atopic dermatitis and acne, with some studies indicating similar efficacy to traditional treatments.
• Stability of HOCl is crucial for its effectiveness; environmental factors can significantly affect it.
• Over-the-counter HOCl products may vary in efficacy and stability compared to prescription formulations.
• More research is needed to fully understand the effectiveness and stability of OTC HOCl products.

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Key points

• PCANS is a drug-free nasal spray designed to prevent respiratory infections.
• It captures and neutralizes pathogens in the nasal cavity.
• Demonstrated over 99.99% reduction in pathogen load in studies.
• Safe for daily use and shows prolonged nasal retention.
• Effective against a broad spectrum of viruses and bacteria.
• Potential to complement existing vaccines and enhance public health.

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Key points

• PCANS is a drug-free nasal spray designed to prevent respiratory infections.
• It effectively captures and neutralizes a wide range of pathogens, including viruses and bacteria.
• Offers protection within 15 minutes of administration, significantly reducing viral load.
• Can be used alongside vaccines to enhance protection against infections.
• Demonstrates a long residence time in the nasal cavity, reducing the need for frequent dosing.
• Safe for daily use, with minimal side effects compared to other nasal sprays.
• Potentially beneficial for high-risk populations and in areas with low vaccination rates.

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Key points

• Nitric oxide nasal spray (NONS) shows effectiveness in reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in mild COVID-19 patients.
• Significant reduction in viral load observed within 24 to 72 hours of treatment.
• Patients treated with NONS reported faster symptom resolution compared to placebo.
• No serious adverse events noted in either treatment group.
• Study supports potential emergency use of NONS for mild COVID-19 infections.

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Key points

• Early use of azelastine nasal spray may lower viral load in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
• The study suggests potential benefits of azelastine in managing COVID-19 symptoms.
• Results indicate a need for further research on azelastine's effectiveness in COVID-19 treatment.

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Key points

• 222 nm far-UVC light can significantly reduce airborne viruses in occupied spaces.
• In a study, it reduced infectious murine norovirus by 99.8% in a mouse-cage cleaning room.
• This technology poses minimal risk to human health while effectively inactivating pathogens.
• Far-UVC light may be a promising solution for controlling airborne diseases in public areas.

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Key points

• 222 nm far-UVC light effectively disinfects various pathogens, including bacteria and fungi.
• Significant reduction in microbial colonies observed after 30 minutes of exposure at 50 cm distance.
• Far-UVC light is safer for human skin and eyes compared to traditional UV light.
• Potential applications in healthcare settings to combat hard-to-inactivate pathogens.
• Study provides a reliable method for measuring disinfection efficacy.

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Key points

• 222-nm far-UVC exposure is safe for corneal epithelial cells.
• 9 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm far-UVC effectively eliminates bacteria on the corneal surface.
• Silk fibroin (SF) corneal bandages provide a suture-less alternative to amniotic membrane for corneal abrasions.
• SF membranes show good bonding strength and stability in both lab and live rabbit models.
• No signs of edema or significant neovascularization observed in treated corneas.

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Key points

• The FFUV handheld device significantly reduces microbial pathogens on hospital surfaces.
• It achieved an estimated 81.4% reduction in colony counts compared to manual disinfection.
• The device is particularly useful when manual disinfection is not feasible.
• FFUV can supplement traditional cleaners and disinfectants.

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Key points

• Far-UVC light (222 nm) effectively inactivates airborne coronaviruses.
• Safe for use in populated rooms without harming human skin.
• Can be a valuable tool for reducing the spread of airborne diseases.
• Research supports the development of UV-based disinfection systems.

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Key points

• Far-UVC light (222 nm) effectively inactivates airborne pathogens in room-sized environments.
• The study demonstrates the potential of Far-UVC as a disinfection method in public spaces.
• The research highlights the importance of using safe UV light to reduce the spread of airborne viruses.
• Far-UVC technology could be a valuable tool in controlling infections, especially in healthcare settings.

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Key points

• 222-nm UVC light effectively disinfects surfaces contaminated with SARS-CoV-2.
• Chronic exposure to 222-nm UVC light does not cause DNA damage or skin lesions in mice.
• Long-term use of 222-nm UVC light sterilizing lamps is safe for mice.
• 222-nm UVC light inactivates a wide range of microbial pathogens.
• Far-UVC light can help control airborne transmission of diseases.

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Key points

• Cryptosporidium is commonly found in Minnesota public supply wells, with 40% showing at least one detection.
• Risk factors for Cryptosporidium contamination include well depth, runoff catchment area, and land use.
• Shallower wells and higher impervious surfaces increase contamination risk.
• Variability in chemical parameters, like bromide and nitrate, correlates with higher Cryptosporidium detection.
• Traditional practices and gender norms significantly impact women's access to water in the studied communities.
• Public health interventions are needed to improve water quality and access.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is 80 to 120 times more effective than sodium hypochlorite (bleach).
• HOCl has no charge, allowing it to penetrate cell walls of germs more easily.
• Higher pH levels decrease the effectiveness of HOCl.
• HOCl has a pH similar to water, tricking germs into allowing it inside.
• Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) can be effective but is unsafe to handle due to its high pH.
• Bleach can cause adverse effects on health and materials.

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Key points

• HOCl cleaning and disinfection is more effective than standard methods in GI endoscopic procedure rooms.
• HOCl reduces ATP scores significantly after procedures.
• Misting with HOCl further improves cleaning results.

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Key points

• HOCl (hypochlorous acid) and OCl- (hypochlorite) are both used for disinfection but have different properties and uses.
• Understanding the pH of chlorine solutions is crucial as it affects the effectiveness and safety of the disinfectant.
• Misuse of chlorine solutions can lead to harmful outcomes, including skin burns and toxic gas release.
• Clear terminology is essential to avoid confusion and ensure safe use of disinfectants in clinical settings.
• Proper storage and handling of disinfectants are important to maintain their efficacy and safety.

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Key points

• Acidic electrolyzed water can be used to remediate mold and mildew.
• It can be applied using high pressure washing, cold misting or fogging, electrostatic spraying, or air duct cleaning.
• The acidic electrolyzed water has specific properties, such as oxidative/reduction potential and pH, and contains hypochlorous acid.
• The method has been tested and found to be safe for skin and vaginal mucosal tissue.
• The invention is described in a patent document.

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Key points

• NaDCC (Sodium dichloroisocyanurate) exposure for 90 days can cause respiratory system toxicity in rats.
• Nasal cavity and tracheal changes include eosinophilic globules, mucous cell hyperplasia, and epithelial atrophy.
• Lung changes include thickened alveolar duct walls.
• Most of the observed lesions are non-serious and reversible.
• Hematology and blood biochemical changes were not considered toxicologically relevant.
• No changes in mortality, body weight, and food consumption were observed.
• No serious histopathological symptoms were observed in other organs.
• The "no observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs)" of inhaled NaDCC is 2.0 mg/m3 for both sexes.
• Inhalation exposure to NaDCC may have a higher toxicity risk compared to oral administration.

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Key points

• Pharmaceutical composition of chlorine is safe for the treatment of respiratory viral infection.
• The composition is administered by inhalation.
• The concentration of chlorine is in the range of 0.1 to 2 ppm.
• Inhalation time and frequency may vary depending on the specific treatment regimen.
• The composition is easy to prepare and cost-effective.
• The treatment method helps minimize the concentration of the virus.
• The composition can be administered as a liquid, mist, spray, aerosol, or steam.
• The composition may contain chlorine gas or chlorine-releasing compounds.
• Inactive ingredients and stabilizing agents may be included in the composition.
• The pH of the solution is in the range of 1 to 8.
• The composition can be administered from 1 to 10 times per day.

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Key points

• Phenolic disinfectants are effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses but not against spores.
• Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are good for noncritical surfaces but not sporicidal.
• Hydrogen peroxide is versatile and effective against many pathogens, including spores.
• Ozone is a powerful disinfectant but has safety concerns due to gas exposure.
• UV light is effective for disinfection but can cause skin and eye damage.
• Antimicrobial surfaces are being developed to prevent microbial adhesion and biofilm formation.
• Resistance to disinfectants is a growing concern, necessitating careful use and selection.

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Key points

• Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) was assessed for its respiratory effects to protect workers' health.
• The study analyzed the concentrations of various cytokines and reactive oxygen species in the BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid).
• Organ weights and histopathological examinations were conducted on various organs.
• Statistical analysis was performed using PRISTIMA software.
• The study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines and animal welfare regulations.
• Data availability is ensured for justified requests.
• A correction to this paper has been published on April 19, 2024.
• References to relevant studies and guidelines are provided.
• The study was funded by the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.
• The authors declare no competing interests.

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Key points

• Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a disinfectant and chlorine-releasing compound.
• It is used for disinfection of medical devices, instruments, linen, floors, and surfaces.
• NaDCC comes in effervescent tablets, granules, and powder.
• The recommended concentration for disinfection solutions is 0.1% active chlorine (1000 ppm).
• Precautions include preparing solutions with cold water, avoiding contact with acid solutions and detergents, and protecting stainless steel instruments from corrosion.
• NaDCC can be used for wound antisepsis, but only if the formulation is intended for this purpose.
• Some formulations can be used for disinfecting drinking water, following the manufacturer's instructions.
• NaDCC is also known as sodium troclosene and sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione.
• It should be stored in an airtight container, protected from light, heat, and humidity.

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Key points

• Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets are an alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for treating drinking water at the household level.
• NaDCC may have certain advantages over NaOCl for household-based interventions in development settings.
• NaDCC tablets have been shown to be effective in disinfecting water and reducing waterborne diseases.
• NaDCC tablets are safe for routine treatment of drinking water.
• NaDCC tablets may increase compliance and acceptability compared to NaOCl.
• NaDCC tablets are affordable and scalable for use in low-income settings.
• Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits and effectiveness of NaDCC tablets in water treatment.

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Key points

• Microorganisms can adapt to various environmental conditions and develop resistance or tolerance to antiseptics and disinfectants.
• The effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants can be influenced by factors such as inadequate cleaning, incorrect product use, or ineffective infection control practices.
• Different antiseptic and disinfectant products can vary significantly in efficacy, even if they contain similar levels of biocides.
• Further research is needed to better understand the mode of action of antiseptics and disinfectants and to develop more effective compounds and products.

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Key points

• Ef-Chlor (NaDCC) tablets are an effective and fast way to purify water.
• NaDCC is safer, non-toxic, stable, and efficient compared to other compounds used for water purification.
• Ef-Chlor tablets have a higher shelf life and are more stable compared to other chlorinated products.
• Ef-Chlor tablets can be used as a multipurpose disinfectant and are applicable in various fields to improve water quality.
• Hind Pharma is the manufacturer of Ef-Chlor tablets, which are exported to more than 40 countries.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is as effective as chlorhexidine (CHX) in reducing plaque and bacterial recolonization after periodontal surgery.
• HOCl shows low adverse effects compared to CHX.
• Both treatments improve periodontal healing, but HOCl may lead to better clinical attachment gains over time.
• HOCl is a promising alternative for post-surgical plaque control without significant toxicity.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
• It effectively kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi without promoting antibiotic resistance.
• HOCl is non-toxic to human cells and has a low potential for side effects.
• It has been successfully used in clinical applications like wound care and infection control.
• Further research is needed to optimize its delivery methods and understand its mechanisms of action.

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Key points

• No detectable changes in blood metabolic panel after exposure to hypochlorous acid fog.
• Minimal and likely reversible lung pathology observed.
• Wonder Spray is considered safe for use as a disinfectant.
• Potential for medical use in treating pneumonia and COVID-19.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed water generated on-site is a promising disinfectant in dental offices during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• It has been reviewed as an effective disinfectant for various applications, including inactivation of human norovirus and prions.
• Electrolyzed water has been found to have bactericidal properties and can be used to extend the shelf-life of seafood products.
• It is considered a valuable disinfectant for endoscopes and has been shown to enhance the bactericidal effect on biofilms.
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website provides information on dental settings and COVID-19.

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Key points

• Neutral electrolyzed water is effective in inactivating human norovirus.
• Sterilox hypochlorous acid solution can be used for surface inactivation of human norovirus.
• EO waters can inactivate norovirus and hepatitis A virus.
• Sodium hypochlorite is effective against human norovirus on a fecally soiled stainless steel surface.
• Metal alloys containing copper can destroy the capsid and genome of human norovirus.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed water has pharmacological activities related to wound healing and immune-redox modulation.
• Acidic electrolyzed water has been shown to promote wound healing in burn wound models.
• Slightly acidic electrolyzed water has a wound healing effect on cutaneous wounds in hairless mice.
• Electrolyzed reduced water has a preservative effect on pancreatic β-cell mass in diabetic mice.
• Alkaline electrolyzed water, in combination with regular walking, can decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
• Reduced water has a protective mechanism against alloxan-induced pancreatic β-cell damage.
• Neutral pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water inhibits tumor growth and invasion while repressing intracellular oxidants.
• Electrochemically reduced water delays mammary tumor growth in mice and inhibits breast cancer cell survival in vitro.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed water shows potential for various applications, including disinfection and decontamination.
• It has been found effective against microbial loads and quality of fresh fruits.
• Electrolyzed water has shown promise in managing dental caries and oral health.
• It has demonstrated antimicrobial properties and effectiveness against oral pathogens.
• Electrolyzed water has been used for cleaning and disinfection in hospitals and care homes.
• It has been effective in inactivating viruses and bacteria.
• Electrolyzed water has been studied for its potential in food safety and meat and seafood product quality.
• It has shown efficacy in decontaminating surfaces and water lines.
• Electrolyzed water has been explored for its potential in environmental sterilization and air disinfection.
• It has been studied for its impact on the spread and increase of COVID-19.

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Key points

• Estericide QX, a super oxidized solution, showed high antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
• The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Estericide QX ranged from 10-40 parts per million (ppm).
• All tested bacteria were killed within 30 seconds of contact time.
• Estericide QX maintained its disinfectant action over time.
• Estericide QX can be used efficiently against multiresistant nosocomial bacteria, providing an alternative for disinfection.

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Key points

• Super Oxidized Solution (SOS) is a useful adjuvant therapy in peritonitis cases.
• SOS is safe and effective in reducing postoperative complications like wound infection and pain.
• SOS requires no special handling or disposal.
• SOS has been shown to reduce signs of inflammation and promote healing.
• SOS has broad microbiocidal activity and can be used to prevent hospital-acquired infections.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can inhibit the growth of various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.
• It is effective in treating infections and reducing antimicrobial resistance.
• HOCl can be delivered through nebulizers, sprays, or oral rinses for respiratory and oral health applications.
• The solution is safe and similar to what the body produces to fight infections.
• The method of delivery can enhance treatment effectiveness by targeting specific areas directly.
• HOCl solutions are approved for various medical uses, including eye and nasal infections.
• The technology aims to provide a new approach to managing infectious diseases and improving health outcomes.

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Key points

• Stable electrolyzed saline solution (EP3130564A1) is a patent that has been withdrawn.
• The patent is related to treatment compositions and electrolyzed saline solution.
• The patent has been cited by one examiner and one third party.
• There are 10 families citing this patent.
• There is one patent citation and two non-patent citations related to this patent.
• The patent has also been published under different publication numbers and dates.
• There are similar documents related to electrolyzed saline solution and its effects.
• There have been legal events associated with this patent, including a request for examination and the application being withdrawn.

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Key points

• pH-neutral electrolyzed super-oxidized solution (ESS) is effective in reducing plaque and gingival indices in periodontitis patients.
• Combining ESS mouthwash and gel with dental scaling improves treatment outcomes compared to saline alone.
• ESS shows potential as a safe and effective adjuvant in periodontal treatment.
• Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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Key points

• Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal rinses with neutral electrolyzed water can prevent COVID-19 in front-line health professionals.
• Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care can be safe and effective in treating COVID-19.
• The ACE2 receptor, which is the entry point for SARS-CoV-2, is highly expressed in the oral mucosa.
• Nasal irrigations may be beneficial for non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
• The viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples can be used for virological assessment of infected patients.
• Male sex is identified as a risk factor for severe outcomes of COVID-19.
• Comorbidities have a deleterious impact on COVID-19 patients.
• Proper protection procedures and preventions are crucial in healthcare settings for nursing personnel.
• There are myths surrounding the use of saline solutions for COVID-19 prevention.

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Key points

• Systemic administration of neutral electrolyzed saline shows promise as a novel treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in mice.
• The treatment reduces mechanical and inflammatory damage to the joints.
• Reactive oxygen species play a role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
• Inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis patients are correlated with 25-hydroxy vitamin D and reactive oxygen species.
• Electrolyzed-reduced water dialysate improves T-cell damage in end-stage renal disease patients with chronic hemodialysis.
• Collagen-induced arthritis in mice is associated with a robust and sustained T-cell response to type II collagen.
• A multi-response model based on delay differential equations can be used to study rheumatoid arthritis in mice.
• Safety and efficacy of a COVID-19 treatment with nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care was evaluated in a controlled trial.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be useful for the prevention of steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia.
• The functional observational battery and modified Irwin test can be used as global neurobehavioral assessments in rats.
• The ARRIVE guidelines provide updated guidelines for reporting animal research.
• Innate immunity plays a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
• High levels of interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis patients are associated with greater improvements in health-related quality of life for sarilumab compared with adalimumab.
• Modifications of IL-6 by hypochlorous acids can affect receptor binding.
• Patient-reported health outcomes after treatment of COVID-19 with nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care were evaluated in a controlled trial.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed saline is an alternative to sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation.
• Electrochemically activated water solutions show cleaning effectiveness in root canal irrigation.
• Electrochemically activated water has antimicrobial effectiveness as an endodontic irrigation solution.

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Key points

• The stability of Undiluted Neutral Electrolyzed Water (NEW) is higher at lower temperatures (4°C) and in closed containers with a low surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio.
• The antimicrobial effects of aged EO water depend primarily on the concentration of available chlorine (ACC) rather than oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH.
• The results are useful for the food industry to preserve the stability of NEW as a sanitizer.

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Key points

• Inhalation of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl(g)) at low concentrations (less than 500 ppb) has no cytotoxic effect on respiratory epithelial cells.
• The concentration of HOCl(g) reaching the lung pseudo-space is close to zero when the chamber concentration is less than 20.5 ppb.
• HOCl(g) adsorbs on gas-contact silicone rubber surfaces, leading to its disappearance during inhalation.

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Key points

• Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care may be a potential treatment for COVID-19.
• The treatment was compared to usual medical care alone in a randomized, open-label, controlled trial.
• The study investigated the safety and efficacy of the treatment.
• The treatment showed promise in expanding the domain of thoughts we can think and qualia we can feel.
• The study also explored the future of knowledge representation and creative work aided by machine understanding of language.
• The researcher has been writing online since 2014 and has built over 100 side projects.
• The researcher is currently researching and prototyping applications of AI in collaboration and knowledge tools at Notion.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective in killing pathogens and has applications in wound care and infection prevention.
• It can cause tissue damage and health risks if not used properly, particularly in high concentrations.
• HOCl has been approved by the FDA for various medical uses, including wound cleansing and as a sanitizer.
• Studies show HOCl can enhance mucosal immunity and reduce viral loads, making it relevant for respiratory infections like COVID-19.
• Its use in chronic wound care shows promise, outperforming traditional treatments in some cases.
• Regulatory bodies recognize HOCl as safe for various applications, including food sanitation and medical disinfection.

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Key points

• Higher classroom ventilation rates reduce illness-related absences.
• Increased indoor PM2.5 levels are linked to more illness-related absences.
• Mechanically ventilated classrooms benefit from controlling indoor particles.
• Improved ventilation and lower PM2.5 can enhance attendance and reduce health risks.

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Key points

• Hypertonic solution may be a potential adjuvant therapy for severe COVID-19 patients.
• Hypertonic saline resuscitation has immunomodulatory effects and can reduce lung inflammation.
• Hypertonic saline can suppress neutrophil margination and priming.
• Hypertonicity prevents the expression of certain molecules in neutrophils.
• Hypertonic saline can reduce neutrophil-epithelial interactions and gut tissue damage.
• Hypertonic saline inhibits cytokine production by stimulated neutrophils and mononuclear cells.
• Hypertonicity can inhibit exocytosis in neutrophils and remodel the actin skeleton.
• Hypertonic saline can suppress neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and promote apoptosis.
• Hypertonic saline has been used for nasal or respiratory hygiene in times of COVID-19.
• Nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care may improve health outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

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Key points

• The oral cavity is an important indicator of overall health.
• Many diseases and medications affect oral health.
• There may be a link between periodontal disease and systemic conditions such as atherosclerotic vascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes, pregnancy-related complications, osteoporosis, and kidney disease.
• Diabetes and periodontal disease have a bidirectional relationship.
• Treating one condition can have a positive impact on the other.
• Primary prevention is crucial in managing these chronic conditions.
• Collaboration and communication between dentists, family physicians, and primary care providers are essential for maximizing patient benefits.

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Key points

• The human oral microbiome plays a significant role in oral health and disease.
• Metagenomic sequencing can reveal the composition and functional potential of the oral microbiota associated with periodontal disease.
• Genomic DNA amplification techniques, such as multiple displacement amplification, can be used to amplify DNA from a single bacterium.
• High-resolution transcriptomics can be used to study bacterial metabolism during infection.
• Deep sequencing of the oral microbiome can identify signatures of periodontal disease.
• Metatranscriptomics can provide insights into the gene expression dynamics of the oral microbiome during health and disease.
• Metaproteomics is a new approach for studying the functional microbial ecology of the oral microbiome.
• Salivary biomarkers show promise for the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
• Metabolomics can reveal elevated macromolecular degradation in periodontal disease.
• Bioinformatic tools, such as Oral Card, can be used to study the oral proteome.

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Key points

• Topical stabilized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective for wound care and scar management.
• It helps reduce hypertrophic scars and keloids.
• Provides a good environment for wound healing.
• Combined with silicone, it may further reduce scarring.
• Safer than chlorhexidine, with no concerns of ocular or ototoxicity.
• Offers a powerful alternative to traditional wound care methods.

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Key points

• Probiotics offer a complete oral healthcare package.
• They can help prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases.
• Probiotics can also reduce bad breath and improve overall oral health.
• Regular use of probiotics can be beneficial for maintaining oral hygiene.
• Probiotics are a safe and natural alternative to traditional oral care products.

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Key points

• SIM01 treatment alleviates multiple symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS).
• Significant improvements in fatigue, memory loss, concentration difficulty, gastrointestinal upset, and general unwellness.
• Treatment linked to positive changes in gut microbiome composition.
• Low adverse event rates; similar between SIM01 and placebo groups.
• Further studies needed to confirm findings and explore effects on other chronic conditions.

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Key points

• Probiotics may have potential benefits in preventing and treating COVID-19.
• The oral microbiome plays a role in respiratory infections.
• Gut microbiota composition may reflect disease severity and immune responses in COVID-19 patients.
• There is an association between periodontitis (gum disease) and the severity of COVID-19 infection.
• Probiotics have immunomodulatory effects and may help improve immune responses.
• Probiotics have antiviral activity and may help prevent viral infections.
• Probiotics may have a beneficial effect on respiratory tract infections.
• Probiotics have been studied in the context of COVID-19 and show promise as a complementary therapeutic strategy.
• Probiotics may help modulate the gut-lung axis and reduce inflammation in COVID-19.
• Probiotics have been shown to have positive effects on oral health.
• Probiotics have been studied in the context of COVID-19 transmission and prevention.
• Probiotics may have a positive impact on the immune system and nutritional status in COVID-19 patients.
• Probiotics may have potential antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.
• Probiotics have been investigated as a preventive and treatment strategy for COVID-19.
• Probiotics may have a role in mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Probiotics may have potential benefits in hypertension and angiotensin receptor-blocking drugs.
• Targeting the microbiome may be an alternative strategy for fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Diet supplementation, probiotics, and nutraceuticals have been explored in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Viral symptoms in children and SARS-CoV-2 are relevant for pediatric dentists.

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Key points

• Probiotics can help control inflammation and reduce mortality and morbidity by strengthening the immune system.
• Some probiotics may alleviate symptoms and severity of COVID-19, such as diarrhea, cough, anosmia, and weakness.
• Probiotics may have antiviral effects and can modulate the immune response against COVID-19.
• Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains have shown positive effects in managing COVID-19.
• Probiotics can improve gut microbiota and reduce the risk of secondary infections.
• Probiotics may play a role in preventing and treating COVID-19, but more research is needed.

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Key points

• Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) may reduce the risk of developing COVID-19 symptoms.
• LGG is associated with a prolonged time to COVID-19 infection and reduced incidence of illness symptoms when used as prophylaxis within 7 days of exposure.
• Overall incidence of COVID-19 diagnosis did not significantly differ between LGG and placebo groups.
• LGG may inform future COVID-19 prevention studies, especially in developing nations where Lacticaseibacillus probiotics have been used to reduce other infectious diseases.

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Key points

• Gargle formulations containing povidone-iodine and essential oils have shown potential effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2.
• Chlorhexidine and Listerine antiseptic have demonstrated antiviral properties against certain viruses.
• Chloride ions may enhance the antiviral immune response in non-myeloid cells.

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Key points

• Gut microbiome composition is linked to post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS).
• Patients with PACS had higher levels of Ruminococcus gnavus and Bacteroides vulgatus, and lower levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.
• Persistent respiratory symptoms were correlated with opportunistic gut pathogens.
• Neuropsychiatric symptoms and fatigue were correlated with nosocomial gut pathogens.
• Butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, showed inverse correlations with PACS at 6 months.
• Compositional alterations of the gut microbiome were observed in patients with long-term complications of COVID-19.
• Further studies should investigate whether microbiota modulation can facilitate timely recovery from PACS.

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Key points

• Gut microbiota-derived synbiotic formula (SIM01) shows promise as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19.
• Alterations in the gut microbiota have been observed in patients with COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza.
• Metatranscriptomic characterization of COVID-19 has identified a host transcriptional classifier associated with immune signaling.
• Gut microbiota richness in patients with COVID-19 can be followed up for six months.
• Probiotics and prebiotics have been shown to have immune benefits and may be beneficial during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Key points

• Ingestion of the probiotic may be associated with an increased CXCL8 response in the nose at baseline that modifies the response to infection.
• The probiotic Bl-04 may have reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions.
• Probiotics have been shown to induce expression of antiviral responses in vitro and in animal models.
• Probiotic supplementation may have a potential for preventing viral respiratory infection and illness.
• Further investigations are needed to determine the effects of specific probiotics on innate immune function in the human host.

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Key points

• Consumption of the oral probiotic S. salivarius K12 may result in an anti-inflammatory systemic immune response.
• Further studies with a larger cohort are needed to confirm these findings.
• Understanding the mechanisms of probiotics' role in health is important.

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Key points

• Probiotic therapy following oral disinfection with chlorhexidine may reduce the severity of halitosis over longer periods.
• Mechanical and chemical oral hygiene practices alone may not significantly improve halitosis.

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Key points

• Streptococcus salivarius K12 can be used to prevent streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children.
• The use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 reduced streptococcal infections by approximately 90%.
• Streptococcus salivarius K12 also showed potential in reducing tracheitis, viral pharyngitis, rhinitis, flu, laryngitis, acute otitis media, and enteritis.
• Prophylactic administration of Streptococcus salivarius K12 could be a safe and cost-effective preventative measure for various pediatric infections.
• The use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 may have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and anti-viral effects.
• Further studies are ongoing to understand the mechanisms and potential benefits of Streptococcus salivarius K12.

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Key points

• SIM01, a synbiotic preparation, effectively alleviates multiple symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS).
• Significant improvements were noted in fatigue, memory loss, concentration difficulties, gastrointestinal upset, and general unwellness after 6 months of treatment.
• The treatment is associated with positive changes in gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogenic ones.
• SIM01 is considered safe with low adverse event rates.
• Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore SIM01's effects on other chronic conditions.

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Key points

• Streptococcus salivarius K12 may improve oral and lung microbiotas.
• It can help raise defenses against SARS-CoV-2.
• K12 strain shows potential in reducing viral upper respiratory infections.
• It stimulates immune responses without causing inflammation.
• Healthy lung microbiota correlates with better patient outcomes in COVID-19.
• Dysbiosis in lung microbiota can increase susceptibility to infections.

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Key points

• Probiotics have potential uses in clinical practice.
• Probiotics may be effective in managing childhood diarrhea.
• Probiotics can alter gut microbiota and attenuate fecal inflammatory markers.
• Probiotics have been studied for their potential role in respiratory virus infections.
• Probiotics have been investigated for their effects on the immune response to influenza vaccination.
• Probiotics may have beneficial effects in viral infections by affecting the innate and acquired immune systems.
• Probiotics have been shown to protect human and animal intestinal epithelial and immune cells from enteric virus infection.
• Probiotics may play a role in the treatment of COVID-19 patients and prevention of complications associated with increased antibiotic use.
• Gut dysbiosis can impact secondary disease outcomes during viral respiratory infections.
• Probiotics have been studied for their potential link to COVID-19.

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Key points

• Oral bacteriotherapy may be beneficial for patients with COVID-19.
• The gut-lung microbiota axis and high-fiber diet with probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection.
• The commensal microbiota plays a role in viral infections.
• Hypoalbuminemia, coagulopathy, and vascular disease are associated with COVID-19.

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Key points

• Commensal bacteria in the human microbiota can induce cross-reactive IgA antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
• Some specific commensal bacteria, like Streptococcus salivarius, can stimulate the production of cross-reactive anti-RBD antibodies.
• Severely ill COVID-19 patients have reduced levels of Streptococcus and Veillonella bacteria and decreased levels of anti-RBD IgA antibodies at mucosal surfaces.
• The findings suggest that certain microbial species in the human microbiota can contribute to the immune response against SARS-CoV-2.

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Key points

• Oral bacteriotherapy can improve clinical conditions in COVID-19 patients.
• Patients receiving bacteriotherapy showed faster symptom relief, including diarrhea.
• Risk of respiratory failure was significantly lower in patients treated with bacteriotherapy.
• Higher mortality and ICU transfer rates were observed in patients not receiving bacteriotherapy.
• The gut-lung axis plays an important role in managing COVID-19.

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Key points

• Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential benefits in preventing recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in adults.
• The safety of Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been assessed in various studies.
• The impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on the nasopharyngeal microbiome has been investigated.
• The introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines has led to a decline in invasive pneumococcal disease.
• The use of PCV10 has been associated with a reduction in antimicrobial use and tympanostomy tube placements.
• The intestinal microbiome of pre-school children has been found to be related to lifetime antibiotic use.
• The oral and nasopharyngeal microbiota have been shown to have a loss of microbial topography in relation to the development of respiratory infections in early life.
• The clinical presentation of otitis media has been studied in relation to the impact of PCV on its pathogenesis.
• Next-generation sequencing technologies have been used for microbiome analysis, but caution is needed to account for potential biases in PCR amplification and sequencing.

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Key points

• Commensal microbiota can induce cross-reactive antibody responses against the RBD domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.
• Microbiota-driven interferon signals in lung stromal cells protect from influenza virus infection.
• Specific microbiota enhances intestinal IgA levels by inducing TGF-beta in T follicular helper cells of Peyer's patches in mice.
• HIV-1 gp120-specific monoclonal antibodies derived from colostral B cells have functions and affinity maturation.
• HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity can be diverted by gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies.
• SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality.
• Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19.
• Alterations in the gut microbiota are observed in patients with COVID-19 or H1N1 influenza.
• Impaired humoral immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine is observed in kidney transplant recipients and dialysis patients.
• Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation can be achieved.
• Enterobacteriaceae species can be identified from bone marrow transplant recipients using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.

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Key points

• S. salivarius K12 improved blood parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
• Reduced death rate in patients treated with S. salivarius K12 compared to standard care.
• Suggests potential therapeutic role of oral probiotics in managing COVID-19.
• Further studies needed to confirm findings and explore mechanisms.

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Key points

• The administration of S. salivarius K12 to children may reduce the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• The oral microbiota may have a connection with the lung microbiota and could potentially alter susceptibility to viral infection.
• The presence of certain bacterial species in the oral microbiota, such as Prevotella and Veillonella, may be associated with COVID-19 pneumonia.
• The use of S. salivarius K12 as an oral probiotic has been proposed to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or COVID-19.
• Preliminary results from a study with school-attending children showed that the administration of S. salivarius K12 was associated with a lower rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Further research is needed to confirm these findings and translate them into clinical practice.

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Key points

• Antibodies produced against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein may also cross-react with commensal microbiota.
• This cross-reactivity is due to molecular mimicry, where similar structures in the Spike protein and commensal bacteria trigger the immune response.
• The presence of cross-reactive antibodies may have implications for both the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and the maintenance of a healthy microbiota.
• Further research is needed to understand the extent and consequences of cross-regulation between antibody responses and commensal microbiota.

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Key points

• Streptococcus salivarius K12 has low pathogenic potential and is unlikely to cause disease in healthy humans.
• The microbial composition of saliva did not significantly change after ingesting S. salivarius K12.
• Some subjects had bacteriocin-producing S. salivarius strains in their oral cavities even after completing the course of K12 lozenges.
• Counts of S. salivarius and facultatively anaerobic bacteria remained stable throughout the study.

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Key points

• Oropharyngeal probiotic ENT-K12 prevents respiratory tract infections among frontline medical staff fighting against COVID-19.
• The pilot study supports the effectiveness of the probiotic in reducing respiratory infections.
• The probiotic may be beneficial for healthcare workers.
• The study suggests a potential preventive measure for respiratory tract infections.

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Key points

• Probiotic supplements may not be universally effective and safe.
• The gut microbiome may play a role in the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Circadian rhythms can affect gut microbiota and overall health.
• Bacterial transmission from probiotic capsules to blood has been observed in ICU patients.
• There is a potential link between gut microbiota and metabolic and gastrointestinal pathology.
• The interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome is an important consideration.
• The gut microbiome can affect drug metabolism.
• The gut microbiome is involved in maintaining barrier integrity in the colon.
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii fungemia has been reported following probiotic treatment.
• Bacteremia from probiotics has been observed in some cases.

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Key points

• Initiating nasal saline irrigation after COVID-19 diagnosis reduces hospitalization and death in high-risk outpatients.
• Nasal irrigation with alkalinization resulted in no hospitalizations and one ED visit.
• Nasal irrigation participants were over 8 times less likely to be hospitalized than the national rate.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation therapy can reduce the duration of anosmia symptoms in COVID-19 patients.
• Nasal irrigation aims to cleanse the sinuses from mucus, allergens, and air pollution.
• Nasal irrigation using saline solutions has been recognized as a nonpharmacological therapy for managing sinus disease.
• The study used a randomized controlled trial design to test the effectiveness of nasal irrigation in COVID-19 patients with mild upper respiratory tract symptoms.
• The intervention group that received nasal irrigation had a shorter duration of symptoms compared to the control group.
• Anosmia (loss of smell) was the most prevalent symptom among the study participants.

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Key points

• Hypertonic alkaline nasal irrigation may have an effect on COVID-19 transmission.
• Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to healthcare workers is a concern.
• The respiratory tract microbiome plays a role in respiratory health.
• Air pollution may contribute to COVID-19 mortality.
• Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling may be beneficial for the common cold.
• The stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions is an important factor.
• COVID-19 is a dangerous disease.
• Viral load dynamics and duration of viral shedding are important factors in COVID-19.
• Saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs can be used for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2.
• Hydroxychloroquine may not have an effect on SARS-CoV-2 load in the nasopharynx.
• Hydroxychloroquine has been studied as a potential treatment for COVID-19, but results are mixed.
• Povidone iodine mouthwash may be effective against SARS-CoV-2.
• Viral load dynamics in sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs are important for understanding COVID-19.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation with hypertonic seawater solution reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral load in COVID-19 patients.
• Patients using the solution tested negative for COVID-19 more frequently after 14 days.
• The treatment is safe and can help decrease virus transmission.
• Further research is needed to optimize irrigation methods and assess effectiveness against different viruses.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation can be beneficial for adults infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19.
• Nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline has been shown to be effective in treating chronic rhinosinusitis.
• Nasal irrigation can improve mucociliary activity in various nasal pathologies.
• Nasal saline irrigation is safe and can be considered as a treatment option for COVID-19.
• Nasal saline irrigation may help in washing away COVID-19.
• Nasal saline irrigation is beneficial for children with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis.

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Key points

• Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling (HSNIG) reduced the duration of coronavirus upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) by an average of two-and-a-half days.
• HSNIG may offer a potentially safe, effective, and scalable intervention for COVID-19.
• HSNIG reduced the duration of URTI, over-the-counter medication use, transmission within household contacts, and viral shedding.
• Epithelial cells produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from chloride ions, which has an antiviral effect against various viruses.
• SARS-CoV-2 titres are higher in the nose than the throat, suggesting that measures to control the infection and viral shedding can help reduce transmission.
• HSNIG reduced the duration of illness, blocked nose, cough, and hoarseness of voice in individuals infected with coronavirus.
• The findings suggest that HSNIG may have a role in reducing symptoms and duration of illness in COVID-19.

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Key points

• Gargling with salt water may help prevent Covid hospitalization.
• Both low- and high-dose saline regimens are associated with lower hospitalization rates compared to controls in SARS-CoV-2 infections.
• Saline nasal irrigation and gargling improve respiratory symptoms associated with coronavirus infection.

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Key points

• An "open and clean nose" contributes to subjective wellness.
• Nasal function significantly affects quality of life.
• Nasal resistance and allergic inflammation depend on allergen type.
• Nasal irrigation can be used as an ancillary treatment for acute rhinosinusitis.
• Nasal cytology is a precision medicine tool in clinical practice.
• Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression is found on nasal epithelial cells in acute rhinoconjunctivitis caused by pollen exposure.
• Quality of life in allergic rhinitis is related to clinical, immunological, and functional aspects.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a highly effective disinfectant, 100 times more effective than bleach.
• It is non-toxic, cheap to produce, and safe for humans.
• HOCl has been successful in curbing Covid-19 spread in countries like South Korea.
• There is a push for wider use of HOCl in the UK, especially in public spaces and healthcare settings.
• Fogging tunnels using HOCl could help prevent future spikes in infections.
• The NHS is considering HOCl as a potential solution but requires further testing.

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Key points

• Intranasal lavage with hypochlorous acid can safely reduce COVID-19 symptoms in outpatient patients.
• The study involved 88 patients, with 74 completing the treatment.
• No serious adverse effects were reported; mild reactions included nasal burning and metallic taste.
• The treatment showed feasibility and safety, but further research is needed for broader application.
• No patients required hospitalization or mechanical ventilation.

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Key points

• The document is a patent for a stabilized hypohalous acid solution.
• The solution has potential applications in medicine, specifically for treating dermatological disorders, wounds, and infections.
• The patent discusses the use of the solution in hydrogel formulations and as a local antiseptic.
• Other patents and publications related to the use of hypohalous acid solutions are cited.

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Key points

• The document is related to a patent for a stabilized hypohalous acid solution.
• The patent is related to medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients, specifically for treating dermatological disorders, wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like.
• The patent is also related to drugs for immunological or allergic disorders, specifically antiallergic agents.
• The patent is further related to antiinfectives, such as antibiotics, antiseptics, and antibacterial agents.
• The patent describes a method of preparation, methods of application, and uses for the stabilized solution or formulation.

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Key points

• Unbuffered hypohalous acid compositions can effectively inactivate highly resistant infectious microbes and proteins.
• The stability of unbuffered HOBr solutions is greater than conventionally prepared HOBr solutions.
• HOBr solutions can provide potent antimicrobial activity against resistant organisms.
• Misted HOC1 solutions can effectively distribute sufficient HOC1 to bring about high level inactivation rates for microbial contaminants.
• Repeated exposure of human dermal and mucosal epithelia to BrioHOCLTm is entirely safe and may contribute beneficially to the resolution of certain clinical conditions.
• The composition can be formulated as a solution, a spray or fog or mist or aerosol of droplets, a gel, or a viscous liquid.

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Key points

• Hypohalous acid compositions can be used to prevent, alleviate, reduce, or treat inflammatory disorders and inhibit the growth of certain cancers.
• These compositions inhibit the biological activities of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and other proinflammatory interleukins and chemokines in vivo.
• The compositions can be administered topically, via inhalation, or systemically.
• The safety of exposure to microaerosolized pure stable HOC1 via the respiratory route was evaluated in human volunteers and no serious adverse effects were recorded.
• The compositions can be formulated as a liquid, gel, lotion, cream, foam, gas, frozen solid, or aerosol spray.
• The compositions can be administered from 1 to 10 times per day.

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Key points

• Hypohalous acids can modify virus receptor binding domains and inhibit their capacity to interact with host cell receptors, potentially preventing or treating respiratory virus infections.
• Pure, stable, authenticated hypohalous acid solutions can be administered to subjects via various methods, including inhalation and topical application.
• The safety of exposure to hypohalous acid solutions has been evaluated in experimental animals and human subjects, with no serious adverse effects recorded.
• The method described in the document has potential applications for preventing or treating various respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses.

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Key points

• Aqueous hypohalous acid solutions can effectively inactivate resistant infectious agents.
• These solutions are safe for use on skin and mucosal surfaces.
• They offer a practical alternative to harsh chemical disinfectants.
• The methods require shorter exposure times compared to traditional disinfection methods.
• Effective against a wide range of pathogens, including resistant viruses and prions.
• Suitable for use in healthcare settings to reduce disease transmission risks.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can treat or prevent viral and bacterial infections.
• It is effective in nasal sprays and wound care.
• The composition is shelf-stable and can be made from lithium, calcium, or sodium hypochlorite.
• HOCl works by killing microorganisms quickly and efficiently.
• It helps in healing chronic wounds and reducing antibiotic resistance.
• The product is designed to match the pH of the nasal cavity for better absorption.

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Key points

• Development of a stable cleaning solution with high hypochlorous acid concentration.
• Effective against bacteria and viruses.
• Produced using a diaphragm-free electrolysis process.
• Residual chlorine concentration between 500 ppm to 2000 ppm.
• pH range of 8.5 to 9.5 for stability.
• Suitable for small-scale production in hospitals and dental clinics.
• Enhances sterilizing ability when pH decreases during use.

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Key points

• Antimicrobial solution includes hypochlorous acid, divalent cation, phosphate anion, and water.
• Effective in treating/preventing infections during abdominal surgery.
• Solution stable for extended periods, maintaining efficacy against bacteria.
• Can be used in various surgical procedures like appendectomy and laparotomy.
• Administered via abdominal lavage or directly to the abdominal cavity.

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Key points

• Method for producing shelf-stable hypochlorous acid solutions.
• Uses high purity water and electrolysis for production.
• Improved shelf life when stored in opaque PET bottles.
• Applications include sanitizers for food and non-food surfaces, cleaners, and cut flower life extenders.
• Non-toxic nature makes it suitable for consumer use.
• Extended shelf life of up to 24 months is achievable.

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Key points

• Topical stabilized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective for wound care and scar management.
• It has strong microbicidal and antibiofilm properties.
• HOCl improves the healing environment and may reduce scarring when combined with silicone.
• It poses no risks of ocular or ototoxicity compared to chlorhexidine.
• Offers an alternative to less desirable wound care methods.

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Key points

• Deployable, remote-controlled system for manufacturing pure hypochlorous acid (HOCl).
• Produces high potency, safe, and stable HOCl without contaminants.
• Utilizes electrolysis with controlled water flow and feedback mechanisms.
• Addresses global challenges like pandemics and water shortages.
• Offers real-time monitoring and diagnostics via remote communication.
• Designed for easy operation by untrained personnel.
• Capable of producing clean drinking water alongside HOCl.

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Key points

• Stable hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution retains antimicrobial activity for at least three months.
• Composition has low chloride levels and a pH between 3.5 and 7.0.
• Suitable for sterilization in medical, agricultural, and food processing applications.
• Non-toxic and non-mutagenic, making it safe for various uses.
• Can be produced without the need for additional stabilizers.

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Key points

• Stabilized hypohalous acid solutions are effective for disinfecting wounds, surfaces, and food products.
• The solutions maintain stability over time, enhancing their commercial usability.
• Incorporating bicarbonate improves the biocidal activity and stability of hypochlorous acid solutions.
• The solutions are non-irritating and safe for human use, making them suitable for medical applications.
• Hydrogel formulations of the solutions can be created for easier application and effectiveness.

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Key points

• Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) may improve asthma and allergic rhinitis in children.
• Significant improvement in bronchial responsiveness (PC20) observed in the NSI group.
• Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores increased after 12 weeks of NSI.
• Quality of life scores for allergic rhinitis decreased in the NSI group.
• No significant changes in the control group.

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Key points

• Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) has demonstrated improvement in symptoms as well as reduction in the use of rescue medications such as systemic corticosteroids when used as an adjunct or as sole treatment.
• NSI is usually well tolerated with minimal side effects.
• The exact mechanism(s) of action of NSI are not clearly understood, but it may enhance the movement of mucus toward the nasopharynx, directly clean the nasal mucosa, and aid in thinning nasal secretions.
• NSI is recommended for a variety of sinonasal conditions, including allergic rhinitis (AR), atrophic rhinitis, rhinitis of pregnancy, viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), CRS, acute rhinosinusitis, sinonasal sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and as a postoperative adjunct after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).
• Overall, the data appear to demonstrate some small clinical benefit to nasal saline irrigation. Further definitive studies are needed to optimize efficacy.

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Key points

• Saline nasal irrigation is an adjunctive therapy for rhinosinusitis and sinus symptoms.
• Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation (HSNI) may be effective for symptoms associated with allergy, asthma, and nasal polyposis.
• Patients with frequent rhinosinusitis and daily sinus symptoms, symptoms of concomitant allergic rhinitis, asthma, or polyposis may improve with HSNI.
• Larger prospective studies are needed in patients with these diagnoses.

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Key points

• Saline nasal irrigation is an adjunctive therapy for rhinosinusitis and sinus symptoms.
• Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation (HSNI) may be effective for symptoms associated with allergy, asthma, and nasal polyposis.
• Patients with frequent rhinosinusitis and daily sinus symptoms, symptoms of concomitant allergic rhinitis, asthma, or polyposis may improve with HSNI.
• HSNI is an effective adjunctive treatment for symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis.
• Larger prospective studies are needed in patients with these diagnoses.

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Key points

• Saline nasal irrigation (SNI) is a useful addition for treating chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) symptoms.
• SNI use in acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) therapy is controversial and has limited efficacy.
• Nasal douches are recommended for both CRS and ARS, along with isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions in CRS (in ARS to a limited extent).
• To prevent infections, it is essential to clean the nasal douche thoroughly and use the proper salt concentration (2-3.5%).

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation improves nasal symptoms in 88% of severe asthma patients.
• 62% reported improvement in chest symptoms.
• Statistically significant reductions in SNOTT and ACQ scores after treatment.
• Few side effects reported; effective and inexpensive intervention.
• Should be recommended in severe asthma clinics.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation with saline solution may help alleviate symptoms of chronic sinus conditions.
• Several studies have shown positive results in using nasal irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and nasal polyposis.
• Nasal irrigation can be done with hypertonic saline solution or isotonic saline solution.
• Nasal irrigation is generally safe and well-tolerated.
• Nasal irrigation may be used as an adjunct therapy for chronic sinus conditions.

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Key points

• Saline nasal spray can help with nasal allergies by restoring moisture to dry nasal passages and sinuses, curbing inflammation of mucous membranes, thinning mucus, giving less postnasal drip, and cleansing nasal passages of pollen and other allergens.
• Over-the-counter saline sprays and rinses can help remove pollen from the nasal lining and add moisture if your nose feels dry from winter weather.
• You can easily make a saline solution at home to wash your nose and sinuses using non-iodized salt and baking soda.
• If you use a nasal steroid spray to treat your allergies, doctors suggest you first use a saline spray to cleanse the nose and rid it of thick mucus and debris.
• Talk to your doctor or allergist if you're not sure how to use saline nasal spray correctly.

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Key points

• Physiomer, an undiluted isotonic seawater nasal spray, may reduce the duration of nasal symptoms caused by mild to moderate COVID-19 and URTIs.
• Nasal saline irrigations can reduce the duration of infectious episodes and relieve symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) caused by various respiratory viruses including coronaviruses.
• Preliminary data showed that daily nasal wash can significantly reduce symptom duration in subjects with mild and moderate forms of COVID-19.
• The study will take place in France among adults subjects who developed nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea no more than 48 hours before study inclusion.
• The study will evaluate the effectiveness of Physiomer on reducing the duration of nasal symptoms (nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea) in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 and URTIs.

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Key points

• The study investigates the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract.
• The virus was found to infect both upper and lower respiratory tract cells.
• The highest concentration of the virus was found in the nasal cavity.
• The study suggests that the virus can be transmitted through both respiratory droplets and aerosols.
• The findings have implications for the development of treatments and preventive measures for COVID-19.

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Key points

• Physical interventions, such as masks, hand hygiene, and quarantine, have been studied to interrupt or reduce the spread of acute respiratory viruses.
• The effectiveness of face masks is uncertain, and the evidence is of low to moderate certainty.
• Wearing masks in the community probably makes little or no difference to the outcome of influenza-like illness (ILI)/COVID-19 like illness compared to not wearing masks.
• Hand hygiene is likely to modestly reduce the burden of respiratory illness.
• There is a need for large, well-designed randomized controlled trials addressing the effectiveness of many of these interventions in multiple settings and populations, as well as the impact of adherence on effectiveness, especially in those most at risk of acute respiratory infections.

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Key points

• Face masks may not have a substantial effect on influenza transmission.
• Eye protection and physical distancing measures are believed to be effective but have limited evidence.
• Hand hygiene may have mixed and inconclusive results in preventing the transmission of respiratory viruses.
• The evidence for non-drug interventions is based on small and underpowered trials with poor reporting of methods and lack of blinding.

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Key points

• Homosexuality has significant heritability but low twin concordance.
• Fetal androgen signaling influences sexual development.
• Reduced androgen sensitivity in XX fetuses and enhanced sensitivity in XY fetuses.
• Sex-specific epigenetic modifications (epi-marks) buffer against excess or insufficient androgen exposure.
• Epi-marks can influence sexual phenotypes in opposite-sex offspring, leading to homosexuality.
• Stronger-than-average SA-epi-marks from one parent can escape erasure and affect the offspring's sexual preference.
• Homosexuality is linked to a broader phenomenon of androgen-influenced traits showing gonad-trait discordances.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid can inactivate oral pathogens and a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2.
• Hypochlorous acid has potential as a wound care agent.
• Hypochlorous acid has been shown to be effective against avian influenza viruses and human norovirus.
• The volume of mouthwash for rinsing can be determined for comfortable use.

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Key points

• Perioperative oral care can help prevent postoperative pneumonia associated with esophageal cancer surgery.
• Influenza viruses have different pH sensitivities, acid stabilities, and fusogenicities.
• Hypochlorous acid has virucidal activity against avian influenza virus.
• Saliva contains innate antimicrobial defenses that help protect against infections.
• The ACE2 receptor, which the SARS-CoV-2 virus uses to enter cells, is highly expressed on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid can inactivate oral pathogens and a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2.
• Hypochlorous acid has potential applications in wound care and disinfection.
• Electrolyzed water can produce hypochlorous acid.
• There are several studies evaluating the effectiveness of hypochlorous acid against viruses and bacteria.
• Saliva plays a role in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota.

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Key points

• Nasopharyngeal wash can help prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infections.
• There is no financial support or conflict of interest related to this research.
• Saline nasal irrigation can be effective in treating chronic rhinosinusitis and acute viral rhinitis.
• Gargling with hypertonic saline or green tea can help prevent upper respiratory tract infections.
• Chloride ions can augment the antiviral innate immune response in non-myeloid cells.
• Two outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in nursing homes were associated with rhinovirus.
• SARS-CoV-2 can remain stable on surfaces for a period of time.

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Key points

• Several clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing viral load in COVID-19 patients.
• Some antiseptics being studied include chlorhexidine, nitric oxide releasing solutions, and carrageenan nasal spray.
• Nasal saline irrigations have also been studied for their potential impact on viral load in COVID-19 patients.
• Some studies have shown the potential efficacy of carrageenan nasal spray against the common cold.
• Other potential treatments being studied include neem leaves, cyclodextrins, and heparin.
• Surfactants may also be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

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Key points

• Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions can help control the spread of COVID-19.
• WASH interventions include hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection, and safe water management.
• WASH interventions have been effective in controlling the spread of other infectious diseases, such as SARS.
• WASH interventions should be implemented in healthcare settings, schools, and other public places to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

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Key points

• Manual cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities are essential elements of infection prevention programs.
• Continued efforts to improve the quality and consistency of traditional cleaning and disinfection practices are needed.
• Adoption of modern technologies is indicated to supplement traditional methods.
• Further research into the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of newer technologies, and when to best apply them, is needed.

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Key points

• Dry fogging of hypochlorous acid solution and hydrogen peroxide solution effectively inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus that had been adhered to plastic microplates.
• Dry fogging is an active countermeasure against infection sources on environmental surfaces.
• Dry fogging is expected to act effectively not only against the Wuhan strain and H1N1 strain tested in the present study, but also against other virus strains.
• It is important to examine whether dry fogging of disinfectants inactivates viruses in a space.

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Key points

• HOCl is a naturally occurring chemical found in the bodies of living organisms.
• HOCl is the primary active ingredient in Clireon's Wound Care & Skin Care spray and gel.
• HOCl can provide gentle, effective care to help manage sores, cuts, abrasions, burns, hot spots, skin irritations, saddle wounds, and post-surgical wounds.
• HOCl is safe for use on all animals.
• HOCl is highly effective in combating the symptoms of dry skin in dogs.
• HOCl is effective in managing infections in animals.
• HOCl is fast-acting and can kill microorganisms on the wound or infection within 30 seconds of application.
• HOCl is a practical, all-natural, and environmentally-friendly alternative for animal care.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a powerful disinfectant that can be easily produced from the electrolysis of sodium chloride.
• HOCl has a wide variety of applications, including wound care, eye care, pet care, horticulture, and wastewater treatment.
• An on-site chlorination generator was fabricated and integrated into the Biddeford Pool Wastewater Treatment Plant in December 2022.
• A finite element model was developed to predict room coverage with HOCl fog as a function of carrier gas velocity and position for the removal of airborne pathogens in a dental clinic by fogging.
• The model should estimate the fogging time and concentration to disinfect a room.
• The next step would incorporate a kinetic model for HOCl fog destruction including reaction and evaporation.

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Key points

• Fogging with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an efficient method for disinfecting large areas.
• Ultrasonic fogging with continuous application is the most effective mode of application for HOCl fogging against Enterococcus faecalis.
• The optimal pulsed fogging protocol produced a similar reduction, but required nearly 5 times as long.
• The home synthesized versions of HOCl yielded much lower log bacterial reductions.
• No significant differences in outcome were determined between polymer or metal surfaces.

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Key points

• The Corsi-Rosenthal box is a simple, inexpensive, and effective air purifier that has been used to fight Covid-19.
• It consists of furnace filters and a box fan, and can be assembled with minimal technical expertise and $60 to $90 in materials.
• Corsi-Rosenthal boxes are more effective than placing a single filter in front of a box fan, and can supplement existing ventilation systems in shared spaces.
• The Corsi-Rosenthal box was developed through a grassroots effort that drew on the knowledge and efforts of a wide range of contributors from different backgrounds and organizations.
• Grassroots innovation has promise, but can also face challenges such as lack of technological sophistication and resources, rules and regulations, and sustaining effort.

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Key points

• HEPA filters can effectively remove infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the air.
• HEPA filters with an antiviral agent coating have a capture ratio comparable to conventional HEPA filters.
• Proper use of HEPA-filtered air cleaners can help prevent the spread of COVID-19.

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Key points

• Portable air cleaners can help improve indoor air quality, especially when ventilation is limited.
• Air cleaners alone cannot ensure safety from COVID-19; they should be used with other precautions like masks and social distancing.
• Choose air cleaners that are HEPA rated or have a high CADR for smoke.
• Place air cleaners in rooms where people spend the most time, especially if someone is vulnerable or isolating.
• Avoid using air cleaners that generate ozone in occupied spaces.
• DIY air cleaners can be effective but are not a permanent substitute for commercial options.
• Regularly check and replace filters in air cleaning devices.

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Key points

• DIY air cleaners made with a box fan and MERV 13 air filter are a cost-effective method for reducing smoke concentrations.
• Only use newer, certified box fans with added safety features (2012 models or newer).
• Improve the effectiveness of the basic DIY air cleaner design by adding a cardboard shroud, using a thicker filter(s), or using multiple filters.
• Keep extra filters on hand and replace when dirty.
• DIY air cleaners can effectively reduce smoke concentrations in a laboratory setting.
• The most effective DIY design will depend on the space to be cleaned, the activities carried out, space availability, potential noise disruption, and other factors.
• DIY air cleaners were almost completely ineffective with dirty filters, highlighting the need for frequent filter replacement during smoke events.
• DIY air cleaners made with newer model box fans are unlikely to pose a fire or burn risk but should be kept clear of obstructions and operated with common sense precautions.
• Portable air cleaners, including DIY air cleaners, are only part of a comprehensive indoor air quality strategy. They do not replace the need for ventilation and should be used in conjunction with other appropriate health measures.

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Key points

• Antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters can be effective in preventing the spread of airborne pathogens.
• The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust ISSF award, Royal Academy of Engineering Award, and an MRC Proximity to Discovery award.
• The authors acknowledge financial support for this work by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Grant codes: EP/P029868/1 and EP/S021434/1.
• The article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
• The study was conducted by researchers from the University of Birmingham, University of Nottingham, and NitroPep Ltd.

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Key points

• Face masks are a common and practical control measure used globally to reduce the risk of infection and disease transmission.
• Evidence was weak and inconsistent in the efficacy of face masks in preventing respiratory infections.
• Participants with fit-tested N95 respirators were likely to have lesser infection risk.
• Participants donning double-layered cloth masks were prone to infection.
• Medical face masks (MFMs) were found to have protective benefits in reducing respiratory transmissions.
• Universal mask-wearing should be applied, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Cloth masks should not be used in outbreak hot spots and places where social distancing is impossible.

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Key points

• Testing, contact tracing, and isolation can substantially reduce the transmission of infection and improve public health outcomes.
• The majority of studies suggest a considerable impact of testing, followed by isolation and treatment of detected individuals.
• Contact tracing is a method of identifying potential secondary cases and can reduce the population-level growth rate or levels of infection.
• There is a clear need for more robustly designed experimental studies to inform TTI design and quantify TTI impact across diverse populations, over different levels of compliance, over different time periods, and for different epidemiological characteristics.
• More research is required to fully elucidate the epidemiological consequences of TTI under different scenarios, as well as the broader costs and benefits of different approaches to TTI.

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Key points

• Water flossing can reduce gingival inflammation and plaque buildup.
• Water flossing can alter the composition of the oral microbiota.
• Water flossing may be more effective than traditional flossing in improving gingival health.
• Periodontal disease is associated with halitosis (bad breath).
• The subgingival microbiome (bacteria below the gumline) is different in individuals with periodontitis compared to healthy individuals.

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Key points

• Waterpik Water Flosser is more effective than string floss, air floss, and interdental brushes.
• Scientific evidence from independent and university-based research centers supports the effectiveness of Waterpik Water Flosser.
• Clinical Research Summary (PDF) with all research abstracts is available on the website.

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Key points

• Water flossers remove biofilm from tooth surfaces and bacteria from periodontal pockets better than string flossing and manual toothbrushing-together or alone.
• Clinicians should consider recommending water flossers for appropriate patients to improve their oral health.
• Different irrigation or water-flossing devices offer different features, designs, and combinations of pulsation and pressure.
• Clinicians must consider the needs of individual patients and supporting research in selecting a model that the patient will like and use, and that will provide improved oral health.

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Key points

• Water flosser was found to be as efficient as regular floss in removing interdental plaque on single use.
• Water flosser could be recommended for subjects lacking manual dexterity, by care takers for better plaque control and subjects with fixed prostheses or undergoing orthodontic treatment.

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Key points

• Water flosser is more effective than string floss in removing plaque from tooth surfaces.
• Water flosser is 29% more effective than string floss for overall plaque removal and approximal surfaces specifically.
• Water flosser is more effective in removing plaque from the marginal, lingual, and facial regions.

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Key points

• Water flossers have been subject to numerous studies on their safety, efficacy, and delivery of antimicrobial agents.
• Evidence based on such studies and decades of use by the public continues to support their safety and efficacy.
• Suggestions of possible detrimental effects on the attachment, junctional epithelium, or pocket depth have been disproved.

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Key points

• The human respiratory system has a microbiome that plays a role in maintaining health and preventing disease.
• The microbiome is disrupted in respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Breast milk provides infants with important microbiota that helps develop their immune system.
• The gut microbiota also plays a role in respiratory health and disease.
• Probiotics have potential as antimicrobials and can improve urogenital and periodontal health.

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Key points

• Biofilms on the tongue consist of various bacteria, visualized using a new technique.
• Three key bacteria (Actinomyces, Rothia, Streptococcus) are present in all study participants.
• These bacteria may play a role in maintaining oral and overall health.
• Understanding bacterial interactions can help address gum disease and tooth decay.
• Research could identify microbial targets for health treatments.

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Key points

• Tongue scraping and brushing have been practiced for centuries in many parts of the world.
• Tongue scrapers have been made of various materials throughout history.
• Recent scientific research has renewed interest in tongue cleaning.
• Evidence has shown that plaque-forming streptococcal counts increased tenfold after a week of not brushing the tongue.

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Key points

• Tongue cleaners are effective in reducing tongue coating and bacterial load on the tongue dorsum.
• Plastic tongue cleaners were found to be the most effective in reducing bacterial load.
• The study may be helpful for dentists in prescribing tongue cleaners to their patients.

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Key points

• Tongue scraping removes bacteria, food particles, dead cells and debris that can build up around the papillae on the tongue.
• Tongue scraping can be done with metal or plastic tongue scrapers, which are available for purchase online or at your local drugstore.
• Tongue scraping may be especially useful for those with a coated tongue, which is a buildup of bacteria or dead cells that gives the tongue a white, yellow or brown appearance.
• Tongue scraping offers several health benefits, such as fewer cavities, fresher breath and better sense of taste.
• Tongue scraping is safe and provides several oral health benefits when done properly.
• Tongue scraping can promote the oral microbiome and improve the production of nitric oxide, an essential molecule that plays an important role in the cardiovascular system.

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Key points

• Tongue scrapers are effective in reducing bad breath (halitosis).
• The review compared tongue scraping to other methods, like using a toothbrush.
• Two trials with 40 participants showed significant results.
• Tongue scrapers reduced volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) more effectively than toothbrushes.
• The difference in effectiveness is small but statistically significant.

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Key points

• Tongue scraping and tongue brushing are effective in reducing plaque levels in children when performed along with tooth brushing.
• Both tongue scraping and tongue brushing groups exhibited statistically significant reductions in plaque scores when baseline values were compared with post-treatment values after days 10 and 21.
• Intergroup comparisons revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in plaque scores between the three groups at baseline.
• The reductions in plaque scores in the study occurred in addition to the effects of twice daily tooth brushing.

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Key points

• Tongue scraping can remove harmful bacteria that inflames your gums as well as prevent cavities.
• Improved taste. When you scrape off the surface of your tongue, it’s almost as if you’re starting with an entirely fresh palette.
• Fresher breath. So much odor-causing bacteria lives on your tongue.
• Taking good care of your oral hygiene is essential to your overall well-being.

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Key points

• Tongue scraping removes extra particles from the surface of your tongue, including the ones that cause bad breath.
• Using a tongue scraper can improve your sense of taste, remove bacteria, improve overall health, and reduce bad breath.
• Tongue scraping can't replace brushing your teeth, but it may be more effective than brushing at removing odor-causing bacteria.
• To perform tongue scraping, you'll need a tongue scraper, which can be made from plastic or metal.
• Other ways to improve your oral health include using fluoride-based toothpaste and mouthwash, brushing and flossing regularly, drinking plenty of water, and avoiding tobacco products.
• See your dentist right away if you're dealing with chronic dry mouth or have a "hairy tongue."

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Key points

• Tongue scraping may help prevent bad breath by removing odor-causing substances called volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs).
• Research on tongue scraping and bad breath is mixed, with some studies showing improvement in oral hygiene and others showing weak and unreliable evidence.
• Tongue scraping may also reduce potentially harmful bacteria in the mouth that could cause cavities, gingivitis, or mouth ulcers.
• Tongue scraping is relatively easy to perform and requires minimal equipment.
• Tongue scraping is a painless and low-risk procedure, but if it causes pain or bleeding, the person should stop using the scraper.
• Tongue scraping should not be the only approach to oral health and should be combined with daily mouth care, such as brushing teeth twice daily, flossing, limiting sugar intake, and seeing a dentist regularly.

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Key points

• Tongue scraping is the process of running a simple tool across your tongue to remove bacteria, food particles, and other debris from the surface.
• Regular tongue scraping could improve bad breath, enhance taste, and lessen cavities.
• Tongue scraping is safe if you do it correctly.
• There are different types of tongue scrapers available, such as brush tongue scrapers, plastic tongue scrapers, and metal tongue scrapers.
• Tongue scraping is not necessary for good dental hygiene, but it can be a helpful addition to your routine.

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Key points

• Stringent implementation of packages of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) was effective in reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some countries.
• NPIs were generally more effective when case numbers and transmission intensity of SARS-CoV-2 were lower.
• NPIs became less effective as more transmissible variants of the virus emerged.
• Standardized protocols for data collection would improve the quality of observational studies when a novel pathogen emerges.
• Future assessments should consider the costs as well as the benefits of NPIs.

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Key points

• Masks can be effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19.
• The effectiveness of masks depends on the type of mask and how it is used.
• Masks can reduce the amount of virus that is released into the air.
• Masks can also protect the wearer from inhaling the virus.
• Other measures, such as social distancing and hand hygiene, are also important in preventing the spread of COVID-19.

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Key points

• Lockdowns and face masks "unequivocally" reduced the spread of Covid-19.
• Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were effective in reducing transmission when applied in packages that combine a number of measures that complement one another.
• Social distancing and lockdowns were the most effective category of NPIs.
• Face masks and mask mandates were an effective approach to reduce infection.
• Higher-quality respirator masks such as N95 masks were more effective than surgical-type masks.
• Test, trace and isolate measures found reductions in Covid-19 deaths.
• Establishing international protocols for conducting clinical trials and observational research on NPIs in advance of further pandemics is recommended.

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Key points

• Face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) are important tools to protect the wearer and others against COVID-19.
• Researchers are rigorously testing masks and other PPE in EPA’s laboratories in Chapel Hill and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
• The researchers sought to determine whether alternatives to high-efficiency N95 masks reserved for health care workers could offer similar protection for hospital personnel in the event of shortages.
• They found that the effectiveness of the masks varied widely: a three-layer knitted cotton mask blocked an average of 26.5 percent of particles in the chamber, while a washed, two-layer woven nylon mask with a filter insert and metal nose bridge blocked 79 percent of particles on average.
• The team continues to explore mask performance with studies in progress on the effects of facial hair and face shape on mask fit.
• EPA researchers wanted to know whether PPE could be disinfected and reused while providing the same level of protection for wearers.
• Their preliminary results, published in an EPA Report, show that certain disinfection methods may work well on some types of PPE without damaging the material.

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Key points

• Wearing a face mask slows how quickly the virus that causes COVID-19 spreads.
• The CDC recommends wearing masks in specific places and situations.
• The most protective mask that you'll wear regularly, fits well and is comfortable should be worn.
• Respirators such as nonsurgical N95s give the most protection. KN95s and medical masks provide the next highest level of protection. Cloth masks provide less protection.
• The most effective cloth masks are made of many layers of tightly woven fabric like cotton.
• Your mask works best if it fits your face closely and has no gaps around the edges.
• Proper use, storage and cleaning of masks also affects how well they protect you.
• Don't put masks on anyone who has trouble breathing or is unconscious or otherwise unable to remove the mask without help.
• Don't put masks on children under age 2.
• Don't use face masks instead of physical distancing.
• Experts do not recommend using face shields instead of masks.
• After you're vaccinated, you can more safely return to doing activities that you might not have been able to do because of the pandemic. However, if you are in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital, the CDC recommends wearing a mask indoors in public.

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Key points

• Masks reduce COVID-19 transmission by limiting respiratory particles.
• Public mask wearing is most effective with high compliance.
• Cloth masks recommended due to medical mask shortages.
• Focus on source control: infectious individuals wearing masks benefits the population.
• Public officials should encourage widespread mask use and appropriate regulations.

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Key points

• Masks are effective in reducing droplet transmission and are critically important for protecting yourself and the people around you.
• Disposable paper medical masks and two-layer cloth masks were effective in reducing droplet transmission and there was no difference between mask types in terms of how well they blocked aerosol particles emitted by the wearer.
• Physical separation reduces the exposure of respiratory droplets and 6 feet separation reduces particle counts to near baseline levels.
• Additional measures to reduce the risk of transmission include frequent hand washing, use of hand sanitizer before and after meals, after removing masks, and honoring posted room capacities in busy areas.

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Key points

• Microscopic blood clots, called microclots, may be causing many of the puzzling symptoms reported by patients who have lasting effects of COVID-19.
• Microclots might be blocking delicate blood vessels throughout the body, and stopping oxygen from getting to where it needs to go, causing everything from shortness of breath and organ damage to brain fog and debilitating fatigue.
• Microclots in long COVID are being studied around the world by researchers and clinicians who are hopeful that this theory represents a new and vital target in understanding and treating long COVID and related disorders.
• There are a number of early experimental treatments for these COVID-related microclots that still need to be tested in clinical trials.

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Key points

• Microclots could have a key role in understanding long COVID.
• Microclots prevent the breakdown of blood clots and damage the blood vessels, which can cause lingering symptoms in long COVID patients.
• Currently, there is no easy, available diagnostic marker for long COVID, which makes it difficult for patients to get a proper diagnosis and treatment.
• Researchers are working on developing a diagnostic marker for microclots in circulation, which could help diagnose long COVID and lead to the development of treatment regimes.
• Clinical trials are needed to determine what conditions work and what conditions do not work in treating long COVID.
• Attention and resources should be focused on researching long COVID to help the millions of people suffering from the condition.

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Key points

• Two blood biomarker profiles predict cognitive deficits after COVID-19 hospitalization.
• High fibrinogen levels (relative to C-reactive protein) are linked to both objective and subjective cognitive deficits.
• Elevated D-dimer levels (relative to C-reactive protein) are associated with subjective cognitive deficits and occupational impacts.
• Fatigue and shortness of breath mediate the relationship between D-dimer levels and cognitive outcomes.
• Findings are robust and replicated in a large electronic health records dataset.

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Key points

• Blood clots may contribute to long COVID symptoms like brain fog.
• Elevated levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen proteins in blood are linked to cognitive issues.
• Existing blood tests could help diagnose and predict long COVID.
• Fibrinogen may affect brain function, possibly leading to dementia-like symptoms.
• Blood-thinning medications might alleviate some long COVID symptoms but require careful use.
• More research is needed to understand the relationship between COVID and blood clotting proteins.

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Key points

• Researchers found that long Covid patients were more likely to have higher levels of a particular protein or protein fragment in their blood at the time of their infection.
• Raised levels of two different proteins were more common in people who developed long Covid symptoms that affected their brains, the researchers found. Both are hallmarks of blood clots in the body, the likely cause of the symptoms reported.
• The findings could prove useful if clinical trials such as Stimulate-ICP, which are testing a range of treatments for long Covid, conclude that anticoagulants can improve brain fog and fatigue in some patients. Testing patients’ blood protein levels could alert doctors to those who should be treated for clots early and those who are less at risk.

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Key points

• Poor indoor air quality can contribute to health problems.
• Fresh air from outside is better than no fresh air from outside.
• Certain gases can be dangerous too, such as carbon monoxide and radon.
• Consumer goods and cleaning supplies can release pollutants like formaldehyde, benzene, and other volatile organic compounds.
• Smoking or burning a fire indoors introduces smoke.
• Poor indoor air quality can have health consequences that range from irritation of the eyes, nose and throat to headaches and dizziness to asthma attacks. It's also linked to respiratory and heart disease.
• There may be cognitive risks to breathing polluted air as well.
• A portable air purifier can be a good way to clean the air if outdoor air quality is poor.
• The spread of airborne germs is a serious issue indoors.
• Ventilation, source control, and filtration can help improve indoor air quality.
• Schools, health care facilities, and group residential or care facilities are in the best position to benefit from air quality improvements.

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Key points

• Effective ventilation, avoidance of recirculation of air, enhanced particle filtration by suitable air filters and air disinfection can control COVID-19 transmission.
• Opening windows can increase natural ventilation and dilute indoor air, reducing infection spread.
• Indoor air purifiers with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can filter contaminated indoor air, but must be replaced regularly.
• Far-UVC light is recommended for single rooms without air conditioning, while a combination of HEPA filter and UVC light can reduce bacterial and virus load significantly in air-conditioned rooms.
• The supply or outdoor air should be filtered by a filter and then mixed with the recirculated air and supplied to the room through the HEPA filters.
• The ASHRAE recommends HVAC systems with a minimum efficiency of Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value-13 (MERV-13) to filter even very small particles.

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Key points

• Standard air filters can significantly reduce airborne virus particles, including coronavirus.
• Tests conducted at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge confirmed the effectiveness of air filtration.
• The research involved collaboration with the University of Cambridge.
• Results surprised the medical team, indicating a potential for cleaner air in public spaces.

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Key points

• Air filtration is crucial in controlling the spread of COVID-19.
• Proper understanding of air filtration principles is essential for effective use.
• SARS-CoV-2 can remain airborne longer than previously thought.
• HEPA filters are recommended for effective air filtration.
• Masks and air filtration systems are vital in managing COVID-19 spread.
• Environmental conditions affect the viability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols.
• Air pollution is linked to higher COVID-19 mortality rates.
• Effective air filtration can improve health outcomes for those exposed to COVID-19.

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Key points

• Improving ventilation is an important measure to reduce COVID-19 transmission.
• Mechanical or natural ventilation, recirculation, and intermittent exhaust are effective ways to improve ventilation.
• Portable HEPA filters and ceiling-mounted HEPA-UV air filters are recommended for recirculation.
• The minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of the filtration system should be targeted to 13 or more.
• The Wells-Riley model can be used to estimate the maximum number of occupants or the maximum residence time allowed in a specific indoor space in advance.
• Administrative controls can be used to limit the number of occupants or residence time when it is entirely impossible to improve the ventilation of the indoor space with engineering controls.

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Key points

• Ventilation is crucial in reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission in residential buildings.
• Standard ventilation requirements may not be sufficient in the pandemic context.
• Improving ventilation can reduce the concentration of aerosols and other pollutants in indoor air.
• Indoor air quality can have a significant impact on human health and well-being.
• Passive ventilation strategies can be effective in improving indoor air quality.

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Key points

• Ultraviolet radiation can be effective in reducing the transmission of viruses in indoor spaces.
• Upper-room UVGI disinfection systems can be optimized for ventilated rooms.
• UV radiation can destroy influenza virus suspended in air.
• UV air sterilization can reduce the incidence of respiratory infections in children's institutions.
• UV irradiation of classrooms can reduce the spread of measles, mumps, and chickenpox.

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Key points

• Ventilation is an important factor in preventing the spread of COVID-19.
• Natural ventilation is preferred over mechanical ventilation.
• Air conditioning can be used safely with proper maintenance and regular cleaning.
• High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can be used to improve air quality.
• When traveling on airplanes, wearing a mask and following recommended ventilation measures can reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission.

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Key points

• Ventilate your home by getting fresh air into your home, filtering the air that is there, and improving air flow.
• Good ventilation, along with other preventive actions, can help prevent you and others from getting and spreading COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses.
• Here are some ways you can improve ventilation in your home: bring as much fresh air into your home as possible, filter the air in your home, consider using a portable air cleaner, turn on the exhaust fan in your bathroom and kitchen, use fans to improve air flow, and limit the number of visitors in your home and the time spent inside.

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Key points

• Increasing air changes per hour and air filtration can help reduce the risk of airborne transmission of respiratory infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2.
• Higher ventilation and enhanced filtration are often overlooked but fundamental parts of risk reduction strategies that could have benefits beyond the current pandemic.

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Key points

• COVID-19 can spread through the air indoors.
• Proper ventilation can help reduce the spread of COVID-19.
• Heavy breathing, coughing, and talking can expel droplets that contain the virus.
• These droplets can travel farther than 6 feet and can remain in the air for several minutes.
• The risk of transmission is higher in poorly ventilated indoor spaces.
• CO2 sensors can be used to monitor ventilation.
• The WHO recommends increasing ventilation and avoiding recirculation of air in public spaces.

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Key points

• Ventilation is a key measure to reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19.
• Ventilation reduces the concentration of airborne virus that can cause infection.
• Vaccines are not effective in preventing transmission.
• Wearing a mask reduces the risk of spreading and acquiring an infection.
• Sufficient and effective ventilation in buildings is necessary to reduce the risk of transmission.
• Ventilation airflow rates must be controlled by the number of occupants in the space and their activity.
• The cost to society of prevention through better designed buildings and gradual improvement of ventilation in existing buildings is much lower than the cost of infections.
• We need a national regulatory group for clean indoor air to establish protection against indoor air hazards in relevant Australian legislation.

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Key points

• HVAC systems can contribute to the spread of COVID-19 if not properly managed.
• Indoor air quality is crucial; ventilation can dilute airborne pathogens.
• Upgrading filters to MERV-13 is recommended to reduce virus transmission.
• Continuous operation of HVAC systems is essential for maintaining air quality.
• Outdoor air circulation before and after occupancy can mitigate risks.
• Portable HEPA air cleaners can supplement ventilation in poorly ventilated spaces.
• Avoid recirculation of air in HVAC systems to prevent airborne transmission.
• Regular maintenance of HVAC systems is necessary to ensure effectiveness.
• Implementing UVGI can enhance air disinfection but should not replace filtration.
• Social distancing and mask-wearing are still critical alongside ventilation strategies.

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Key points

• Proper ventilation and air filtration are crucial to prevent COVID-19 spread indoors.
• Disinfecting surfaces is less effective than improving air quality.
• COVID-19 primarily spreads through inhaling aerosols, not surface contact.
• Regularly replacing indoor air can dilute virus concentration.
• HEPA filters and high MERV-rated filters are recommended for effective air purification.
• Monitoring CO2 levels can indicate air quality and ventilation effectiveness.
• Germicidal UV lights can help kill airborne viruses but must be installed correctly.
• Economic costs of infections can outweigh the costs of implementing air quality controls.

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Key points

• Increasing ventilation can help reduce the concentration of airborne contaminants, including viruses, indoors.
• Proper ventilation also reduces surface contamination by removing some virus particles before they can fall out of the air and land on surfaces.
• When used along with other best practices recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and others, increasing ventilation can be part of a plan to protect people indoors.
• Improving ventilation benefits indoor air quality by reducing exposure to products used for cleaning and disinfecting potentially contaminated surfaces.
• Improving ventilation will also help control other airborne infectious diseases.

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Key points

• Indoor air movement and dilution of viral particles through mechanical or nonmechanical means can reduce the airborne viral concentrations and the overall viral exposure to occupants.
• Ventilation system upgrades or improvements can increase the delivery of clean air and dilute potential contaminants.
• Implementing multiple building-level mitigation strategies at the same time is consistent with CDC’s layered approach and will increase overall effectiveness of ventilation interventions.
• Ventilation interventions can reduce the spread of disease, but they will not eliminate risk completely.
• Improving air circulation and cleanliness can help reduce viral particle concentration.
• Aim for 5 or more air changes per hour (ACH) of clean air to help reduce the number of germs in the air.
• The ventilation interventions listed above come with a range of initial costs and operating costs.

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Key points

• The study investigated the long-term dynamics of the human oral microbiome during clinical disease progression.
• Taxonomic profiling was performed using Kraken2 and Bracken against a custom 16S rRNA dabatase for the oral microbiome extracted from the HOMD database and the UNITE database for fungal ITS sequences.
• The study found that the oral microbiome is dynamic and changes over time, and that different sites within the mouth have different microbial communities.
• The study also found that certain bacterial species were associated with periodontitis progression, and that ecological networks of microbial communities can be reconstructed from data abundance.
• The study used various statistical methods to analyze the data, including volatility analysis, PCoA, and ARIMA forecasting.

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Key points

• Probiotics may have health benefits for the mouth, including managing caries and periodontitis.
• Oral microbiota transplantation is being studied as a potential new therapy for oral diseases.
• Triphala, a herbal mouthwash, has been shown to be effective in treating gingivitis.
• Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid may be a promising treatment for chronic periodontitis.
• Chlorhexidine gel may be effective as an adjunctive treatment for chronic periodontitis.
• The oral microbiome is increasingly recognized as important for periodontal health and disease.

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Key points

• Inflammation links periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
• Periodontitis may increase AD risk through systemic inflammation.
• Bacteria from gum disease can enter the brain, causing inflammation.
• Elevated inflammatory markers, like C-reactive protein, are associated with higher AD risk.
• Preventing periodontal disease may help reduce systemic health issues, including AD.

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Key points

• Gum disease may be linked to the development of Alzheimer's and related dementias.
• Bacteria from gum disease can travel to the brain, potentially influencing dementia.
• Older adults with gum disease are more likely to develop Alzheimer's.
• Antibodies against P. gingivalis are associated with increased dementia risk.
• Long-term studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore treatment options.

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Key points

• Water flossers are an effective tool for removing plaque from between teeth and along gum lines.
• Water flossing can help prevent periodontal disease by removing plaque from under your gum line that a toothbrush cannot reach.
• Water flossers are a great tool for cleaning between braces, bridges and other restorative dental work.
• Water flossing can remove debris from around these areas without damaging your gums or sensitive teeth.
• Water flossing not only helps to reverse early gingivitis it can help to improve your overall gum health.

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Key points

• Water flosser is as efficient as regular floss in removing interdental plaque on single use.
• Water flosser could be recommended for subjects lacking manual dexterity, by care takers for better plaque control and subjects with fixed prostheses or undergoing orthodontic treatment.

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Key points

• DIY box fan filters can help clean indoor air from airborne virus particles, wildfire smoke, pollen, dust, and more.
• The Corsi-Rosenthal box is a cost-effective and efficient air cleaner.
• The box fan filter can be built using a box fan and MERV13 filters.
• There are various modifications and designs available for the box fan filter.
• The box fan filter has been used in classrooms and homes to improve indoor air quality.

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Key points

• A good filtration system can help protect you and your family from allergens, indoor pollutants like smoke, and viruses like COVID-19.
• Richard Corsi, PhD, of the University of California-Davis and Jim Rosenthal, CEO of Tex-Air Filters, have created a type of homemade air filter that costs less than a third of the price of many HEPA devices.
• Some early research suggests these DIY air cleaners, made from cardboard, tape, furnace filters, and a box fan, might be more effective in some ways than HEPA purifiers.
• Experts say they could offer a simple solution to improve air quality in our homes, classrooms, and workplaces, which aren’t always well-ventilated.
• One study looked at how well Corsi-Rosenthal boxes removed chemicals from the air in an academic building at Brown University. In the 2-month period when the boxes were used, concentrations of certain PFAS (chemicals found in cleaning products and textiles) went down by 40%-60%. At the same time, concentrations of phthalates (from personal-care products and building materials) went down 30%-60%.
• According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the best ways to improve indoor air quality are to remove sources of pollutants (like cleaning chemicals or cigarette smoke) and ventilate your space with outdoor air.

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Key points

• DIY Corsi-Rosenthal Box air filter effectively reduces indoor particle concentrations.
• Clean air delivery rate (CADR) increases with fan speed, reaching up to 850 ft³/min.
• Cost-efficient: CADR is <$0.072 per ft³/min, much lower than commercial HEPA filters.
• Noise level ranges from 58 dB (low speed) to 67 dB (high speed).
• Low-cost sensors can provide reliable performance measurements for DIY air filters.

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Key points

• A low-cost "do-it-yourself" air filter (Corsi-Rosenthal Box; CR Box) reduces exposure to several lower-volatility phthalates and sulfonated PFAS previously found in office building materials and products.
• Concentrations of seven PFAS and five phthalates were 28-62% lower while CR Boxes were deployed.
• Concentrations of five PFAS and one phthalate increased 23-44% during the intervention period, but the 95% CI of most of these estimates included the null.
• Daytime sound levels increased 5.0 dB when CR Boxes were operating.

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Key points

• Corsi-Rosenthal boxes, a do-it-yourself indoor air filter, may have potential co-benefits of reducing indoor air contaminant levels.
• Do-it-yourself Corsi-Rosenthal boxes are an effective means for improving indoor air quality by reducing a wide range of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can modulate the inflammatory response and may have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory characteristics.
• TauCl possesses mostly anti-inflammatory properties and may promote healing and alleviate inflammation.
• The Periodontal Department of Taipei Medical University Hospital began using an ultrasonic spray of HOCl for constant sterilization and infection control of clinical cubicles and wound irrigation during periodontal surgery in 2007.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid can be effective in disinfecting surfaces and reducing bacterial load.
• A smart prefabricated sanitizing chamber can reduce exposure to COVID-19 in occupational settings.
• Short-term skin reactions can occur from using N95 respirators and medical masks.
• There is a need for more effective methods for cleaning and disinfecting enclosed spaces.
• The future of disinfection may involve the use of slightly acidic electrolyzed water.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed water is a simple mixture of table salt and tap water whose ions have been scrambled with an electric current.
• It is powerful enough to kill anthrax spores without harming people or the environment.
• It has been used as a sanitizer for decades in Russia and Japan, and is slowly winning acceptance in the United States.
• It is being used to kill salmonella on chicken carcasses, to disinfect produce, and to sanitize surfaces in hotels and jails.
• Electrolyzed water loses its potency fairly quickly, so it can’t be stored long.
• Machines are pricey and geared mainly for industrial use.
• The process also needs to be monitored frequently for the right strength.

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Key points

• Neti Kriya, especially Jala Neti, is effective for managing upper respiratory tract diseases.
• It helps alleviate symptoms of sinusitis, rhinitis, and allergic conditions.
• Regular practice can improve vision and cognitive functions.
• Jala Neti is a safe, cost-effective, non-pharmacological treatment option.
• It may reduce the need for antibiotics and other medications.
• Further research is needed to validate its efficacy and establish standardized practices.

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Key points

• Saline nasal irrigation and gargling may help reduce viral load and improve patient outcomes in COVID-19.
• Saline may help improve mucosal dynamics and prevent persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
• Nasal irrigation and gargling with hypertonic saline may prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to care home residents.
• Gargling with povidone iodine has a short-term inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.
• Inhalation of saline may reduce the risk of infection with coronaviruses.

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Key points

• 1% ephedrine hydrochloride nasal douche effectively treats vertigo in 74.3% of patients.
• Minimal side effects; most common is heaviness of head.
• Study conducted on 84 patients, with a random selection process.
• Treatment shows potential for various causes of vertigo.
• Simple, effective, and inexpensive method.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an effective, nontoxic disinfectant against COVID-19.
• It can be produced on-site easily and economically.
• HOCl is safe for use in dental and medical settings.
• Effective in inactivating various viruses, including coronaviruses, in under a minute.
• Recommended for surface disinfection, hand sanitizing, and as a mouth rinse.
• Stability and efficacy can be affected by exposure to light and temperature.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) is effective against infections and is produced naturally by the body.
• It has multiple mechanisms to kill bacteria and viruses.
• Stabilized HOCL can be produced and used safely as a disinfectant.
• It penetrates biofilms, making it effective for treating periodontal disease.
• HOCL is safe for various applications, including oral care and wound healing.
• It is recognized as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) by the FDA.

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Key points

• Neti Pot irrigation is more effective in delivering saline solution to the nasal cavity on the contralateral side of irrigation due to typically larger volumes but at the expense of reduced flow and shearing rates.
• Squeeze bottle irrigation provided greater surface coverage on the side of irrigation.
• The Neti Pot increased surface coverage in the paranasal sinuses.
• Reducing the jet diameter may aid the direct targeting of a specific region at the side of irrigation by preventing the impingement of the jet to the nasal passage surface and redirection of the flow.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a natural immune molecule produced by the body.
• Effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it suitable for all skin types.
• Helps reduce blemishes, treat acne, soothe eczema, and reverse signs of aging.
• Supports skin's natural defenses without harming its microbiome.
• Aids in treating dermatitis caused by mask-wearing.
• Ensures maximum benefits when manufactured under medical-grade conditions.
• Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects beneficial for chronic skin conditions.
• Used by dermatologists to prepare skin for treatments and assist post-procedure healing.

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Key points

• HOCl mouthwash is effective in reducing halitosis and dental plaque compared to CHX.
• HOCl shows significant decreases in harmful bacteria associated with periodontal diseases.
• CHX has side effects like strong taste and tooth discoloration, making it less convenient.
• HOCl is safe for long-term use and has strong disinfectant properties.
• Using HOCl can improve oral health and prevent dental diseases more effectively than CHX.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a powerful, safe disinfectant.
• It is effective against a wide range of pathogens, including superbugs.
• HOCl can be generated on-site, reducing costs and improving efficiency.
• It is environmentally friendly and safe for patients and staff.
• Hospitals should consider using HOCl to enhance infection prevention efforts.
• Current disinfectants may not be the safest or most effective options available.

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Key points

• Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is more effective than sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for reducing bacteria like E. coli and P. aeruginosa at the same chlorine concentration.
• SAEW reduced E. coli counts by over 4.5 log10 CFU/mL and P. aeruginosa by over 4.4 log10 CFU/mL.
• SAEW can effectively reduce airborne bacteria, with 20 mg/L eliminating S. epidermidis in just 1 minute.
• SAEW is environmentally friendly and poses low health risks, making it suitable for use in food industries and public spaces.

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Key points

• Hypertonic Saline Nasal Irrigation helps clear mucus and debris from the nose.
• It reduces swelling in nasal membranes, improving airflow.
• The solution can be made with distilled water, pickling salt, and baking soda.
• Irrigate 2-3 times a day using a syringe or Water Pik.
• A mild burning sensation may occur initially but usually subsides.
• Use hypertonic saline before nasal steroids for better effectiveness.

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Key points

• Aerosolized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective in killing bacteria and viruses.
• At 300 ppm, HOCl is safe for human tissues and does not affect cell viability.
• It shows significant bactericidal (up to 99.9% reduction) and virucidal effects on various surfaces.
• HOCl can be produced on-site, making it low-cost and environmentally friendly.
• The study supports HOCl as a promising disinfectant for indoor environments, especially during pandemics.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) is an effective disinfectant and antiseptic.
• It is safe for human use and poses no risk of resistance.
• HOCl can enhance wound healing and reduce infection rates.
• It is environmentally friendly, breaking down into water and salt.
• Current manufacturing allows for affordable, large-scale production.
• HOCl is approved for various medical and food safety applications.
• It can significantly reduce healthcare costs associated with wound care.

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Key points

• Inhalation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses.
• No significant adverse effects were observed in animals exposed to aerosolized HOCl.
• Human subjects reported minor, transient side effects after inhaling HOCl, with some noting improved respiratory symptoms.
• HOCl shows potential as a safe disinfectant and therapeutic agent against respiratory infections.
• The study highlights the need for further evaluation of HOCl's long-term effects and its use in public health settings.

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Key points

• Inhalation of microaerosolized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) shows potential benefits in preventing and treating respiratory virus infections, including COVID-19.
• HOCl rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in laboratory settings.
• No adverse effects were observed in animals exposed to HOCl, indicating its safety for pulmonary use.
• Human exposure to HOCl mist during the pandemic showed no serious issues, with only minor, transient effects reported.
• HOCl may serve as an effective, inexpensive, and accessible method for respiratory infection prevention.

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Key points

• The article discusses the safety and performance evaluation of a seawater solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus for nasal lavage.
• The authors explore the effects of the solution on the respiratory system, including its potential to enhance mucociliary clearance and its antibacterial properties.
• The article provides a review of the relevant literature on respiratory health and the use of nasal lavage.
• The authors conclude that the solution shows promise as a safe and effective tool for maintaining respiratory health.

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Key points

• Non-myeloid cells can enhance antiviral responses using chloride ions.
• Increased sodium chloride (NaCl) levels boost the production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which has antiviral properties.
• HOCl inhibits a variety of viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses.
• The antiviral mechanism relies on intracellular chloride and is not a direct effect of NaCl on viruses.
• This research suggests potential therapeutic applications of NaCl in treating viral infections.

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Key points

• Nasal lavages with a solution enriched with copper, hyaluronic acid, and eucalyptus may be a safe potential treatment and protective factor for COVID-19 infection.
• Copper has been shown to have biocidal properties and can catalytically inactivate SARS coronavirus on solid surfaces.
• Saline nasal irrigation has been shown to be effective in treating acute upper respiratory tract infections in infants and children.
• Povidone-iodine has been suggested as a potential public health intervention for COVID-19.
• The CDC has guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities, including the use of disinfectants for SARS-CoV-2.

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Key points

• Several clinical trials are currently investigating the potential of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing the viral load of COVID-19 patients.
• Carrageenan nasal spray has shown potential efficacy against the common cold.
• Chlorhexidine mouthwash has been shown to be effective in improving gingival health.
• Iota-carrageenan nasal spray has been shown to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms.
• Neem leaves and Salvadora persica chewing sticks have been shown to have antimicrobial effects.
• Nitric oxide has potential immunoregulatory and antiviral activities.
• Heparin may have potential as a therapy for COVID-19.
• Surfactants may be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory substance made by white blood cells.
• It can disinfect skin and help treat conditions like acne, psoriasis, and eczema.
• Effective against COVID-19, listed by the EPA as a virus killer.
• Safe for sensitive skin; does not sting or burn.
• Recommended for use on skin and masks to prevent "maskne."
• Available in products like Lasercyn Dermal Spray and Stamina Cosmetics Maskne Calming Mist.
• Acts as a gentler alternative to alcohol-based hand sanitizers.

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Key points

• Study evaluates hypochlorous acid spray for COVID-19 treatment.
• Conducted in Tunisia with 400 participants.
• Randomized, controlled, double-blind design.
• Primary goal: assess change in viral load after 3 days.
• Secondary goals: symptom duration, hospitalization needs, and contamination rates.
• Participants must be 18+, symptomatic, and test positive for SARS-CoV-2.
• Excludes those with allergies to hypochlorous acid or severe health issues.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is proposed as a nasal spray for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers.
• HClO is a safe and effective antimicrobial solution, reducing viral load without harming human cells.
• The study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HClO compared to a placebo in high-risk health personnel.
• The trial is randomized, double-masked, and placebo-controlled.
• Expected study completion date is August 15, 2021.

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Key points

• This article is a review of potential chemo-preventive agents for COVID-19.
• The article discusses various studies on the effectiveness of different agents, including chloroquine, lactoferrin, and interferon-alpha.
• The article also discusses the importance of disinfecting the nasal cavity to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
• The article provides a list of references for further reading.

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Key points

• AOS2020, a sprayable solution with hypochlorous acid, shows over 99.8% effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 in under 1 minute.
• The solution is non-irritating to nasal and oral mucosa.
• AOS2020 could potentially reduce viral load in the upper respiratory tract, aiding in COVID-19 treatment.
• Further clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety.

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Key points

• Sentinox spray reduces viral load in mild COVID-19 patients.
• Significant reduction observed in patients with medium viral loads.
• Spray is safe and well-tolerated with few side effects.
• High virucidal activity against various respiratory viruses.
• Potential for use in preventing respiratory infections.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution did not show significant antibacterial effects on nasal discharge from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients within 5 minutes.
• Bacterial culture rates were similar for HOCl, normal saline, and povidone-iodine solutions.
• Alcohol showed better antibacterial activity but still had limitations.
• Longer exposure times may be necessary to observe antibacterial effects of HOCl and other solutions.
• Further studies are needed to explore the effectiveness of longer soaking durations.

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Key points

• Non-toxic antimicrobial agents can effectively treat infections caused by various pathogens.
• The invention focuses on using oxychlorine compounds, including hypochlorous acid and superoxidized water.
• These agents can be administered via multiple routes, including aerosol and topical applications.
• The system aims to prevent, treat, and reduce harmful effects from pathogenic microorganisms.
• It addresses the need for safe and effective treatments with minimal toxicity.
• The invention is applicable for both human and veterinary use.

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Key points

• Two cases of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) were caused by contaminated tap water within a household.
• The cases highlight the changing epidemiology of PAM in the United States.
• The first case was caused by the use of a neti pot with contaminated tap water.
• The second case was caused by the use of tap water for sinus irrigation.
• The remediation of the hot water system and the use of distilled, filtered, or previously boiled water for nasal irrigation can reduce the risk of PAM.
• Nasal irrigation using saline solutions made with contaminated tap water does not seem to inactivate N. fowleri fast enough.
• The ability of commercially available reconstituted salt packets in the neti pot to inactivate N. fowleri was tested at the CDC laboratory.
• Environmental pathogens have emerged as well-documented biofilm colonizers within pipes found in manmade, engineered environmental habitats where they amplify in warm water niches such as water heaters, and shower heads.
• To better address this, improved and systematic environmental sampling of water bodies and systems in the United States is needed to create a baseline for N. fowleri occurrence, followed by systematic monitoring over time to better interpret, understand, and predict potential changes in N. fowleri ecology that could lead to improved prevention activities.

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Key points

• Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective against bacteria and acne.
• It is naturally produced by the body and is safe for sensitive skin.
• HOCl speeds up wound healing and combats inflammation.
• Available in sprays, creams, and serums for skin care.
• Not a substitute for washing; serves as an additional defense.
• Verify product safety and avoid those with fragrance if sensitive.

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Key points

• Low-concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation reduces allergic rhinitis symptoms.
• No significant side effects were reported with HOCl use.
• HOCl did not show additional benefits compared to saline nasal irrigation.
• Both treatments improved symptoms over the study period.

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Key points

• HOCl nasal spray is effective as an alternative to normal saline nasal irrigation after sinus surgery.
• Both treatments showed benefits, but HOCl spray is more convenient for patients.
• Further research is needed to explore long-term effects of HOCl on nasal health.

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Key points

• Low concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is effective for nasal irrigation.
• It shows over 99% bactericidal and fungicidal activity for most tested microorganisms.
• No toxicity observed in human nasal cells after treatment.
• Significant reduction in human influenza A virus was achieved.

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Key points

• 0.01% hypochlorous acid is effective as an antiseptic against SARS-CoV-2.
• It can be used on the eyes, nose, and mouth to prevent COVID-19 infection.
• Recommended for healthcare protocols and general public use to reduce viral load.
• Further studies needed to confirm effectiveness and safety.

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Key points

• Low-concentration hypochlorous acid (HOCl) nasal irrigation improves symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) better than saline irrigation.
• Significant symptom relief was observed in patients using HOCl after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment.
• No significant adverse effects were reported from HOCl nasal irrigation.
• HOCl may serve as an effective adjunct therapy for patients with CRS who do not respond to standard medical treatments.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed water has been shown to have antimicrobial properties and can be used for disinfection in various settings, including dental units, hospitals, and animal transport vehicles.
• Some studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of electrolyzed water in inactivating viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus and Newcastle disease virus.
• Electrolyzed water has also been shown to be effective in reducing the prevalence of oral opportunistic pathogens and caries risk in children.
• There is potential for the use of electrolyzed water in ensuring the safety and quality of meat and seafood products.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation is an effective therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis patients after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
• Various solutions are more effective than normal saline alone in reducing eosinophil count.
• No significant difference was found in symptom scores or endoscopic scores when comparing various solutions with normal saline.

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Key points

• The novel irrigation device is more effective than the classic rinse bottle for nasal irrigation.
• It achieves up to 100% irrigation efficiency with lower water volumes and specific head positions.
• The device's design allows for a continuous water stream directed to critical areas in the nasal cavity.
• The classic rinse bottle has limitations, often leaving residual mucus even with larger water volumes.
• Further studies are needed to evaluate the device's clinical significance and patient comfort.

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Key points

• A sinus flush is a safe and simple remedy for nasal congestion and sinus irritation that just about anyone can do at home.
• Saline can wash away allergens, mucus, and other debris, and help to moisten the mucous membranes.
• A sinus flush carries a small risk of infection and other side effects, but these risks can be easily avoided by following a few simple safety rules.
• Doctors most often recommend using saline irrigation for chronic sinusitis.
• A sinus flush can be effective at relieving nasal congestion and irritation, caused by a sinus infection, allergies, or a cold.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
• The guideline provides 11 key action statements for effective nasal irrigation practices.
• Isotonic saline is preferred for nasal irrigation due to cost, convenience, and safety.
• Room-temperature saline is recommended for effectiveness, while heated saline (up to 40°C) is acceptable if preferred.
• Steroid solutions may be beneficial for patients post-endoscopic sinus surgery.
• Antibiotic and antifungal solutions are not recommended for routine use in nasal irrigation.
• Proper preparation of irrigation fluid is crucial to prevent infections.
• High-volume nasal irrigation is more effective than low-volume methods.
• Equipment should be regularly disinfected to avoid contamination.
• Head positioning can influence the effectiveness of nasal irrigation.

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Key points

• Electrolyzed water is effective for disinfecting dental settings, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• It has antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
• Safe for use on dental materials and does not harm oral tissues.
• Can reduce microbial contamination in dental unit waterlines and on instruments.
• Recommended as a mouthwash alternative for oral hygiene.
• Various types of electrolyzed water (e.g., acidic, hydrogen) have been tested with promising results.
• More clinical trials are needed for broader implementation.

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Key points

• Gargling with water can help prevent upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) among healthy people.
• This is a virtually cost-free and simple method that could benefit the general population.
• The study found that the incidence rate of first URTI was lower in the water gargling group compared to the control group.
• Even when a URTI occurred, water gargling tended to attenuate bronchial symptoms.

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Key points

• Saline solutions can be used to treat upper respiratory conditions such as chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis.
• Hypertonic saline solutions may be more effective than isotonic saline solutions for nasal irrigation.
• Nasal saline irrigation may reduce the severity of COVID-19 in high-risk outpatients, but more research is needed.
• Nasal saline irrigation and gargling with saline water have been suggested as potential preventive measures against COVID-19, but more research is needed.
• Nasopharyngeal washes with saline solution may help prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infections.

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Key points

• Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) is a common treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
• NSI is a safe and effective treatment option for CRS.
• High-volume, low-pressure devices are the most common method of administration.
• More evidence is required to determine the efficacy of this treatment.
• Contamination should be avoided and providers should thoroughly educate patients on NSI hygiene recommendations.

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Key points

• Oral rinsing may be a potential way to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
• Several widely available dental mouthwash components have been shown to disrupt viral lipid biomembranes, including those of coronaviruses.
• Existing formulations of oral rinses should be evaluated for their potential to disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 lipid envelope.
• Population-based interventions with available mouthwashes could be undertaken, with active monitoring of outcome to determine efficacy.

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Key points

• The upper respiratory tract microbiome plays a crucial role in health and disease.
• Dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) is linked to conditions like chronic rhinosinusitis.
• Specific bacteria, like Corynebacterium accolens, can inhibit harmful pathogens.
• The nasal microbiome composition is influenced by factors such as age, lifestyle, and disease.
• Treatments like antibiotics and nasal corticosteroids can alter the microbiome.
• Probiotics may offer a non-invasive option to restore microbial balance and improve health.
• Further research is needed to understand the microbiome's role in respiratory diseases.

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Key points

• The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract may play a role in COVID-19 severity and anosmia.
• Gut microbiome alterations have also been observed in COVID-19 patients.
• The loss of bacterial diversity in the sinuses may be associated with milder smell discrimination scores.
• The nasal microbiome may mirror and shape olfactory function.
• The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been highlighted.
• Severe COVID-19 is associated with an altered upper respiratory tract microbiome.
• The microbiota may be a potentially modifiable factor influencing COVID-19.

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Key points

• Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection increases bacterial pathogens in the nasal microbiome.
• Notable increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other opportunistic bacteria.
• Distinct nasal microbiome observed in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients compared to negative controls.
• Infection leads to a robust immune response and potential neuronal damage.
• Increased risk of secondary bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients.

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Key points

• The oral microbiome is the collection of microorganisms that live in the mouth.
• The oral microbiome has been linked to many health conditions, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and even systemic diseases like diabetes and heart disease.
• Advances in technology have allowed researchers to better understand the oral microbiome and its role in health and disease.
• Researchers hope to use this knowledge to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools for oral and systemic diseases.

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Key points

• Warm saline rinses can be an effective method for good oral hygiene.
• It can reduce or even be an alternative to anti-inflammatory drugs intra-orally.
• Its high osmolality reduces inflammation and can be microbicidal.
• Warm saline rinses have been used successfully in post extraction cases.
• Rinsing with 100-150 ml of warm saline three to four times a day can be of help in the removal of loosened food particles, dead cells and mucus from the oral cavity.
• Oral irrigation and swishing of water are an economical and easy means of maintaining oral hygiene and reducing bleeding and gingival inflammation, especially in developing countries.

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Key points

• Intranasal administration of antiviral and virucidal therapies may be a novel strategy to provide an added clinical benefit to COVID-19 treatment.
• Using nasal spray with antiviral properties has promising efficiency and safety in the treatment and prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2.
• Surfactant based gargle and spray can entrap viruses entering through the mouth, nose, and eyes and therefore, may play a vital role in prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2.
• Low pH of acid buffered/hypertonic saline can reduce the amount of viral shedding during the acute viral shedding symptoms.
• All therapeutics reviewed in this review can be used in the outpatient setting, and therefore could potentially provide more outpatient-based interventions for COVID-19 infection.
• Intranasal administration of antiviral and virucidal therapies decrease the viral activity in the nasal pathway, thus preventing disease transmission, expedite recovery of mild-moderate COVID-19 patients, decrease severity of symptoms, reduce hospitalizations and mortality.
• Further clinical research is needed as application of these agents may not only be limited to the current COVID-19 pandemic, but also for future epidemics and pandemics.

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Key points

• Using a saline solution to irrigate the nasal passages may help improve symptoms associated with rhinitis.
• Rinses can be performed up to three times daily, if necessary, but the frequency should be decreased if nasal irritation or dryness occurs.
• Homemade saline solution can be made with specified ingredients and amounts.

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Key points

• Neti pots are safe to use as long as you follow the directions and use sanitized water and saline packets as directed.
• The risk of transmission of brain-eating amoeba by neti pot is exceedingly rare.
• The real benefit of nasal saline is constantly washing allergens away, which is cheaper than most over-the-counter anti-allergy medicines.

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Key points

• Using unsterilized tap water in medical devices like neti pots, CPAP machines, vaporizers, and humidifiers could put people at risk for acquiring serious and potentially life-threatening infections.
• Tap water contains low levels of microorganisms that can stick to water pipes and infiltrate the water system, including biofilm pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), Legionella spp., and Naegleria fowleri.
• Many people are not aware of the risks of using nonsterile tap water for home medical devices.
• The easiest way to sterilize water and make it suitable for use in a neti pot or CPAP machine is to bring it to a rolling boil for one minute and then allow it to cool to room temperature.

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Key points

• Use distilled, sterile, or previously boiled water for nasal rinsing.
• Tap water can contain harmful organisms; avoid using it.
• Follow instructions carefully for nasal irrigation devices.
• Consult a healthcare provider if you have a compromised immune system.
• Ensure the device is suitable for the user's age, especially for children.
• Report any problems with nasal rinsing devices to the FDA.

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Key points

• The nasal spray significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections in healthcare workers by 62% compared to placebo.
• It was found to be safe and well tolerated with no serious side effects reported.
• The spray also reduced clinical symptoms associated with COVID-19.
• The study suggests it could be a valuable preventive measure, especially in low-income countries with low vaccination rates.
• Further research is needed to confirm its efficacy against future variants and other viruses.

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Key points

• A medical trial is being conducted to assess the efficacy of a natural seawater nasal spray, Physiomer®, to reduce duration of COVID-19 nasal symptoms and reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 disease.
• Nasal saline irrigations are frequently prescribed for both prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs).
• The sponsor hypothesized that the daily use of seawater nasal wash in subjects with mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 would relieve nasal symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, including nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, and would reduce the intranasal viral load.
• The study will take place in France among adults subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19 who developed nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea no more than 48 hours before study inclusion.
• Subjects positive for SARS-CoV-2 will be randomized into one of two study groups: control group or nasal wash group.
• Subjects in the nasal wash group will be asked to perform daily nasal wash for a 3 weeks period with Physiomer®, a 100% seawater isotonic nasal spray.
• Subjects in both groups will complete daily online questionnaires for a 3 weeks period.
• The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Physiomer®, an undiluted isotonic seawater nasal spray, on reducing the duration of nasal symptoms of COVID-19 (nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea) in subjects with mild to moderate COVID-19.
• The study is estimated to start on May 27, 2021, and end on October 27, 2021.

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Key points

• Isotonic nasal saline wash improves nasal symptoms in children with colds.
• Saline wash reduces the recurrence of upper respiratory infections (URTIs).
• Children using saline required less medication compared to those not using it.
• Saline wash leads to fewer days of illness and school absences.
• The treatment is well-tolerated with minimal complaints.

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Key points

• Hypertonic seawater solution is more effective than isotonic seawater solution for chronic rhinosinusitis.
• Significant improvement in symptoms like nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, cough, headache, and nighttime awakenings with hypertonic solution.
• Isotonic seawater solution showed no major changes in most symptoms.

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Key points

• Both Stérimar Nasal Hygiene (SNH) and electrodialyzed seawater (EDS) are safe for nasal use.
• SNH has an ionic balance closer to human plasma compared to EDS.
• SNH is more effective in maintaining nasal epithelium homeostasis after hypotonic stress.
• SNH showed better tissue recovery and morphology than EDS.
• The study supports the clinical benefits of seawater-based nasal hygiene solutions.

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Key points

• Diluted seawater solution (SNH) is safe for nasal epithelial cells.
• SNH enhances mucociliary clearance (MCC), aiding in the removal of foreign particles.
• SNH promotes faster wound healing in the nasal cavity compared to saline solution.
• Regular nasal irrigation with isotonic solutions can help maintain nasal hygiene and reduce sinonasal issues.

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Key points

• Nasopharyngeal washes with normal saline (0.9%) effectively reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
• Patients receiving saline washes showed an 8.9% decrease in viral load, while the control group experienced a 9.7% increase.
• More patients in the saline group tested negative for the virus two weeks after discharge compared to the control group.
• No significant adverse effects were reported from the saline washes.
• The study suggests that saline washes could be a safe and affordable method to help reduce virus transmission.

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Key points

• Nasal hygiene is important for washing away bacteria and viruses.
• 90% of the viral load of SARS/COVID2 is located in the nose and upper airway.
• XLEAR is a hygiene tool that helps thin mucus and speed up mucous clearance.
• Studies show Xylitol can block SARS/COVID2 virus adherence to tissue.
• Regular nasal hygiene can help reduce viral load and improve respiratory health.

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Key points

• Importance of nasal hygiene in preventing viral infections, especially COVID-19.
• 90% of the viral load of SARS/COVID-2 is found in the nose and upper airway.
• XLEAR is a nasal hygiene tool that helps clear mucus but is not a drug.
• Studies suggest xylitol can block the SARS/COVID-2 virus from adhering to tissue.
• Emphasis on shared human experiences and understanding each other through stories.

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Key points

• Nasal hygiene is important to prevent sickness.
• Nasal irrigation is the only effective way to clean your nose.
• Use a disposable cup and a salt shaker to make a saline solution.
• Too much or too little salt in the water will burn your nose.
• Bend over the sink, put your nose in the cup, and sniff.
• Blow your nose forcefully several times.
• Get all the water out of your nose.

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Key points

• Nasal hygiene is important for conditioning the air we breathe and for maintaining a disease-free body.
• Nasal hygiene involves keeping your nasal passages clean, clear, and moisturized.
• A clear nasal passage protects you and helps you sleep better.
• Nasal washing using saltwater or saline spray is the most recommended way of keeping your nose clean.
• You should clean your nose once in the morning and again in the evening.

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Key points

• The nose is the primary site of COVID-19 respiratory infection and the virus is exhaled from infected individuals in normal breathing.
• Higher viral loads are found in the nasal passages than in the mouth.
• Nasal hygiene is important to minimize the viral load from the nasal passages of infected patients.
• Swabbing the internal surfaces of the patient's nostrils with an effective antimicrobial cream provides additional protection.
• Antimicrobial prerinses are effective in reducing microbial aerosols.

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Key points

• Nasal microbiota varies with age and is influenced by various factors.
• Dysbiosis (imbalance) in nasal microbiota is linked to respiratory diseases like otitis media, sinusitis, and allergic conditions.
• Understanding nasal microbiota can help predict disease and improve treatment strategies.
• Probiotics may play a role in managing nasal dysbiosis and improving respiratory health.

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Key points

• The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract is still in its infancy in terms of research.
• The majority of current knowledge about the URT microbiome is based on cultivation assays or next generation sequencing of segments of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplified from uncultured samples.
• Nasal rinse is an effective, inexpensive, and simple method to treat sinonasal disorders alone or in association with other therapies to reduce medicine consumption.
• Probiotic microbes can interact with other microbes of the human microbiome by production of antimicrobials, competitive colonization, and inhibition of pathogen growth.
• Physicians and patients have high expectations of microbiome-driven therapies, yet most available knowledge stemming from basic research or clinical trials is far from impacting, or being implemented in, medical treatment.

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Key points

• Chronic rhinosinusitis patients have increased bacterial richness and overall bacterial burden compared to healthy controls.
• The presence of purulence and comorbid asthma are associated with different community composition in CRS patients.
• Increased bacterial diversity and higher abundance of corynebacteria predict better outcomes in CRS patients after sinus surgery.
• CRS patients exhibit more bacterial abundance but less diversity in nasal lavage specimens than healthy controls.
• Surface swab samples are sufficiently representative of the sinonasal mucosa for use in future study.

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Key points

• Saline nasal irrigation can be helpful for treating symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections.
• The use of hypertonic saline nasal spray has been found to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms.
• Nasal irrigation with isotonic saline can also be effective in treating and preventing rhinitis in children.
• Saline nasal irrigation is a low-risk, low-cost intervention that can be easily performed at home.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation and oral rinse with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution effectively clear the virus in COVID-19 patients.
• Average negative conversion time after treatment was 1.63 days.
• Hospitalization time was significantly shorter for the experimental group (7.7 days) compared to the control group (12.53 days).
• This method is simple, inexpensive, and can be performed at home, making it accessible for patients.
• Further studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these findings.

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Key points

• Intranasal drug delivery has been studied for many years.
• Several agents have broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
• Intranasal drug delivery has potential relevance for future clinical trials in the settings of disease spread prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases.
• Intranasal drug delivery represents an important area of research for COVID-19 and other viral diseases.
• The consideration of any potential adverse reactions is paramount.

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Key points

• Blowing your nose can create a build-up of excess pressure in the sinus cavities.
• Nasal lavage gets rid of any allergy-provoking material in your nose, clears your nose and makes it easier to breathe, moisturizes your nasal lining, and feels refreshing.
• Effective nasal irrigation devices must have the capacity to hold a large volume of saline solution, the ability to deliver the solution with low but adequate pressure into the nasal passages, and the saline solution must travel up the nasal passage and out through the other nostril.
• Neilmed Sinus Rinse ticks all the boxes for success.

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Key points

• Industry sponsored drug and device studies have more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than studies sponsored by other sources.
• There is no difference in harms results between industry and non-industry sponsored studies.
• Industry sponsored studies more often had low risk of bias from blinding compared with non-industry sponsored studies.

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Key points

• Patient advocacy groups play a powerful role in health care, but they also face risks of bias when accepting money from companies seeking to expand markets for their new tests and treatments.
• Industry funding of clinical trials has been associated with more favorable findings.
• During the recent EpiPen scandal, the manufacturer-sponsored advocacy groups were largely silent about price gouging.
• A drug company–funded “patient advocacy” campaign called “Even the Score” helped win regulatory approval for the thrice-rejected controversial female sex drug flibanserin.
• The National Osteoporosis Foundation accepts funds from industry, and mandatory transparency rules reveal that a majority of the medical leadership received a total of over $450 000 in payments in 2015, including for research projects.

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Key points

• Saline irrigation can help ease sinus congestion and may also play an important role in recovery from COVID-19.
• Saline nasal rinsing is an effective, inexpensive way to reduce allergy symptoms.
• Nasal irrigation with saline can be helpful in cases of chronic sinus irritation.
• You don’t have to use a neti pot to ease sinus congestion. You can use a more modern system of nasal irrigation, such as one made by NeilMed.

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Key points

• SARS-CoV-2 takes specific routes to enter and exit cells in our nasal cavity
• Cilia and microvilli are two structures found on multiciliated epithelial cells that are involved in the virus's entry and exit
• Cilia are appendages that the virus initially attaches to, while microvilli enlarge and branch to release attached viral progeny to spread to other cells
• Human ciliated nasal epithelial cells are the primary entry site for SARS-CoV-2 in nasal epithelial tissue
• Eliminating mucin from the mesh prevents the mesh from blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection of the organoids
• Inhibiting viral entry or exit in airway cells could prevent unknown respiratory viruses from making themselves at home in your nose or throat

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Key points

• Topical colloidal silver has been studied as an anti-biofilm agent in chronic rhinosinusitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
• Other substances, such as methylglyoxal-augmented manuka honey, deferiprone, and gallium-protoporphyrin, have also been investigated for their efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.
• Nasal lavage with mupirocin has been used to treat chronic rhinosinusitis.
• The range of sinus symptom scores in healthy individuals has been studied.
• Nanocrystalline silver has been shown to have positive effects on wound healing.

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Key points

• Saline irrigations can be highly effective in improving allergy symptoms and shortening the duration of a sinus infection.
• Irrigating the sinuses can help prevent recurring sinusitis.
• Salt itself has a property of preventing bacteria from growing.
• During an acute sinus infection, rinsing the sinuses 2 to 3 times per day is effective.
• Using saline irrigations can help decrease the bacteria count inside the nose and sinuses.

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Key points

• Several clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nasal and oral antiseptics in reducing the viral load of COVID-19 patients.
• Some antiseptics being studied include chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, and iota-carrageenan.
• Nasal saline irrigations may also help reduce viral load in COVID-19 patients.
• Neem leaves and cyclodextrins have been shown to have antimicrobial effects.
• Nitric oxide may have potential antiviral and immunoregulatory activities.
• Heparin may be a potential therapy for COVID-19.
• Surfactants may be useful in managing rhinopathologies.

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Key points

• Hypertonic saline is more effective than isotonic saline for sinus health.
• Higher salt concentration kills bacteria and reduces mucus thickness.
• Acts as a powerful decongestant, drawing out mucus more effectively.
• Increases ciliary beat frequency, promoting faster healing.
• Recommended recipe for homemade hypertonic saline solution includes distilled water, sea salt, and baking soda.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation may help reduce the severity of COVID-19.
• Nasal viral load is highly proportional to infectivity.
• Mechanical reduction of cellular infection is possible through nasal irrigation.
• Nasal irrigation works for other viruses.
• Nasal antimicrobial reduces viral infections in bovine animals.
• SARS-CoV-2 may have difficulty fusing with alkaline pH.
• SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to povidone-iodine solution.
• Mortality in countries where nasal irrigation is widespread is dramatically lower than in countries where irrigation is not standard.

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Key points

• Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) nasal antiseptic effectively inactivates SARS-CoV-2 within 15 seconds at concentrations as low as 0.5%.
• PVP-I may help reduce viral transmission beyond personal protective equipment.
• No cytotoxic effects were observed with the tested concentrations of PVP-I.
• Intranasal use of PVP-I is safe at concentrations of 1.25% and below.
• Regular use of PVP-I nasal antiseptic could significantly lower the risk of virus transmission in healthcare settings.

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Key points

• Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is likely effective in safely eradicating SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oral cavity, and oropharynx, but studies are needed to confirm its efficacy against this new pathogen.
• PVP-I has been shown to be effective against other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS, in vitro.
• PVP-I has been used as a preoperative disinfectant and mouthwash to reduce the risk of infection.
• PVP-I has been shown to have bactericidal and virucidal efficacy against respiratory and oral tract pathogens, including MERS-CoV and modified vaccinia virus Ankara.

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Key points

• Povidone iodine (PVP-I) nasal and oral antiseptics effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2.
• All tested concentrations (1% to 5%) of PVP-I were successful in killing the virus.
• Using PVP-I may help reduce the transmission of COVID-19 through nasal and oral decontamination.

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Key points

• Neti-Kriya using povidone iodine can potentially have a preventive role against SARS-CoV-2 infection gateway.
• Nasal saline lavage can help with pediatric chronic sinusitis symptoms and disease-specific quality of life.
• Nasal saline irrigation can be effective for patients with sinusitis.
• Nasal saline wash can prevent symptoms of rhinitis.
• Povidone-iodine irrigation can prevent surgical site infections.
• Povidone-iodine can potentially be used as personal protective equipment for frontline providers exposed in high-risk head and neck and skull base oncology care.

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Key points

• Neti pots are effective for relieving nasal congestion.
• They help clear out built-up mucus and allergens.
• Neti pots limit congestion, improve breathing, and relieve sinus pressure.
• They provide these benefits without the side effects of medication.
• It is important to use a neti pot correctly and safely.
• Tap water should not be used; distilled, filtered, bottled, or boiled water should be used instead.
• Cold solutions should be avoided, especially after sinus surgery.
• Neti pots should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use.
• Overuse of neti pots can lead to nasal passage irritation.
• If issues persist, it is recommended to consult a healthcare provider.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation with a simple saltwater solution can lead to an 8.5-fold reduction in hospitalization from Covid-19.
• Reducing the amount of virus in the nose might give the immune system a better chance to react and control that growth before it got out of hand.
• Patients who strictly adhered to nasal irrigation had fewer, shorter and less severe symptoms than people in the study who missed some of their saline rinses.
• Premeasured packets of saline are inexpensive and can be purchased at any drug store.

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Key points

• Antibiotics are unlikely to help many sinus infections.
• Sinuses are air-filled pockets within the skull that contribute to conditioning the air we breathe, give resonance to our voice, assist in absorbing shock, reduce the weight of the skull, and contribute to facial growth.
• Sinusitis is one of the most commonly diagnosed chronic illnesses in the United States, affecting 40 to 50 million Americans each year.
• Chronic sinusitis can be a miserable condition that significantly impairs quality of life.
• Biofilms allow bacteria to not only easily multiply, but also recruit other bacteria to join them.
• Recent studies have shown that a simple surfactant can break up biofilms, allowing the immune system to do its job.
• Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation has been shown to improve mucociliary transit times by 17 percent.

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Key points

• Nasal washing is a proven way to reduce, or even completely avoid, the use of medication that treats a host of nasal woes.
• Allergists, family doctors, pediatricians, otolaryngologists, naturopathic physicians and nurse practitioners all agree that nasal washing is safe and effective.
• Patients who wash their nose daily use fewer medications, sleep better, snore less and have fewer asthma episodes.
• Daily washing keeps your nasal passages and sinuses clean, clear and healthy.

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Key points

• People living and working in wildfire areas are subjected to a high volume of airborne pollutants and can be subject to lethal health hazards.
• Short term exposure can result in irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, chest tightness, cough, and asthma flare ups.
• Wildland firefighters are exposed to a multitude of toxic substances including carbon monoxide, irritating gases, breathable particles, as well as some unbreathable nanoparticles.
• Those with underlying respiratory problems such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, COPD, chronic bronchitis, etc. are especially at risk.
• The nose filters 10,000 liters of air per day and in such situations our nostrils are under enormous stress.
• Washing the nose with a pH balanced buffered hypertonic salt solution washes irritants out, shrinks swollen membranes, and thins secretions increasing the filtering efficiency of the nose hairs.

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Key points

• At-home treatment can alleviate Covid-19 symptoms and speed recovery.
• Use diluted Povidone-Iodine or hydrogen peroxide for oral and nasal rinses.
• Recommended supplements: Aspirin, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, Quercetin.
• Monoclonal antibody treatment available for high-risk patients.
• MedHelp offers aggressive outpatient treatment options.
• Always consult a healthcare provider for medical advice.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation initiated within 24 hours of a positive PCR test result reduces hospitalizations for COVID-19.
• Patients who initiated isotonic saline nasal irrigation after a positive COVID-19 PCR test were 19 times less likely to be hospitalized than the national rate.
• Further research is required to determine if adding povidone-iodine to irrigation reduces morbidity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation is a safe and inexpensive treatment that can be performed at home.
• Nasal irrigation is effective at managing a range of sinus problems.
• There is some evidence that nasal irrigation may be helpful for people who are already infected with SARS-CoV-2.
• It may reduce the duration of illness, and also may reduce the amount of virus that someone sheds.

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Key points

• Johnson and Johnson's Baby Shampoo (J&J) was tested as a topical virucidal agent in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects.
• J&J irrigations had no impact on viral titers or symptom scores in treated subjects relative to controls.
• Lack of efficacy reflected pharmacokinetic failure, with the most virucidal J&J detergent components rapidly absorbed from nasal surfaces.
• This study emphasizes the need to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of virucidal agents on airway surfaces to guide clinical trials.

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Key points

• The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR-RS) has made foundational progress in understanding and treating rhinologic disease.
• ICAR-RS-2021 covers over 180 topics in the forms of evidence-based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence-based reviews, and literature reviews.
• ICAR-RS-2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS.
• A comprehensive evidence-based management algorithm is provided.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation is effective for treating sinonasal issues.
• Large-volume low-pressure irrigation with undiluted seawater is the most effective method.
• Seawater has beneficial components like bicarbonates, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
• Slightly alkaline pH enhances mucociliary function.
• No single irrigation solution is proven superior; further studies are needed.

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Key points

• Neti pots are a type of nasal irrigation that can help treat congested sinuses, colds, and allergies.
• Neti pots are safe to use when used as directed, but tap water should not be used.
• Neti pots are effective in clearing mucus and debris from the nose, and can help alleviate allergy symptoms.
• Nasal irrigation is generally recommended over saline sprays, except for treating dryness in the nostrils or front part of the nose.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation can help relieve symptoms of sinus infections, allergies, colds, and flu.
• Saline solution moves through nasal passages to clear out mucus, moisturize, and remove allergens and debris.
• Side effects of nasal rinsing are typically minor and temporary, such as a burning or stinging sensation in the nose and mild irritation in the nasal passages.
• To avoid serious issues, use the right water, make sure the nasal irrigation device is clean, and only use nasal irrigation when you need it.

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Key points

• A patient with leg pain that worsens with standing and improves with bending forward has a 75% probability of having lumbar spinal stenosis.
• Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, lamotrigine, sodium valproate, and topiramate are effective in controlling seizures in newly diagnosed partial or generalized epilepsy.
• Adding second-line drugs to usual treatment reduces seizure frequency in persons with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, but increases adverse effects such as dizziness and somnolence.
• In persons who have been seizure-free for at least two years while on treatment, almost 60 percent of those who withdraw from antiepileptic treatment remain seizure-free, compared with almost 80 percent of persons who continue treatment.
• High-dose supplemental vitamin D (482 to 770 IU per day) can reduce risk of nonvertebral fractures by at least 20 percent, and hip fractures by at least 18 percent.
• Caffeine intake is directly correlated with small but notable fetal growth restriction. Although a safe threshold cannot be determined, maternal caffeine intake of less than 100 mg per day minimizes the risk of fetal growth restriction.
• Patients started on rosiglitazone have higher rates of all-cause mortality and hospitalization for CHF than those using pioglitazone. The risks of MI or stroke are comparable for the two drugs.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation can be an effective way to ease sinus inflammation and help prevent recurrent sinus infections.
• Nasal irrigation is a type of personal hygiene that can be beneficial for sinus health.
• Nasal irrigation works by the mechanical action of the liquid pouring into the sinuses that helps soften and ultimately dislodge some of the mucus lining.
• It is crucial to rinse or irrigate the sinuses safely by using only distilled or boiled water and properly cleaning the device used to insert the water.
• Adding salt to the nasal rinse can feel better since nasal passages are naturally salty.
• There are several ways to get the water into the passages behind your nose, including using a squirt bottle, a pump designed for this purpose, or a vessel with a long spout called a neti pot.

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Key points

• Nasal irrigation is a medical procedure that is not well defined.
• Saline irrigation can help with chronic sinonasal symptoms and after endoscopic sinus surgery.
• Pulsatile nasal irrigation can help with the prognosis of functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
• Saline irrigation can be an adjunctive treatment for allergic rhinitis and can reduce medication use in children.
• Hypertonic saline nasal spray can improve symptoms and quality of life in persistent allergic rhinitis.
• Saline solutions can impact mucociliary activity in various nasal pathologies.
• Peak nasal inspiratory flow reference values can be used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

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Key points

• Nasal saline irrigations have benefits and safety in washing away COVID-19.
• Remdesivir and Chloroquine effectively inhibit the novel coronavirus in vitro.
• Laboratory biosafety guidance related to COVID-19 is available.
• Clinically approved drugs capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro have been discovered.
• Real-time RT-PCR can detect the 2019 Novel Coronavirus.
• A novel coronavirus was identified in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.
• ATP and spontaneous calcium oscillations control neural stem cell fate determination in Huntington's disease.

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